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A recent experiment presented, for photons, the first violation of a Bell inequality closing the fair-sampling loophole, i.e., without having to assume that the sample of measured photons fairly represents the entire ensemble. In this note,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-07-25 Johannes Kofler , Sven Ramelow , Marissa Giustina , Anton Zeilinger

The violation of a Bell inequality is an experimental observation that forces one to abandon a local realistic worldview, namely, one in which physical properties are (probabilistically) defined prior to and independent of measurement and…

Bell's inequality sets a strict threshold for how strongly correlated the outcomes of measurements on two or more particles can be, if the outcomes of each measurement are independent of actions undertaken at arbitrarily distant locations.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-05-24 David I. Kaiser

The purpose of this comment is to show that a reinterpretation of the results from the Letter: "Physics and Metaphysics of Wigner's Friends: Even performed pre-measurements have no results" allows for reaching the conclusion…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-03-23 Konrad Schlichtholz

Bell tests---the experimental demonstration of a Bell inequality violation---are central to understanding the foundations of quantum mechanics, underpin quantum technologies, and are a powerful diagnostic tool for technological developments…

The Bell inequality is derived under the assumption of three physical data sets, random or deterministic. The data sets represent a laboratory realization of the three probability based variables used by Bell. For physical data as can be…

General Physics · Physics 2022-03-15 Louis Sica

Derivations of two Bell's inequalities are given in a form appropriate to the interpretation of experimental data for explicit determination of all the correlations. They are arithmetic identities independent of statistical reasoning and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-07 Louis Sica

In a local realist world view, physical properties are defined prior to and independent of measurement, and no physical influence can propagate faster than the speed of light. Proper experimental violation of a Bell inequality would show…

Solid experimental evidence has now been obtained that confirms the violation of Bell's inequality in tests of maximally entangled qubit pairs. This violation is widely interpreted as definitive proof of the impossibility of describing…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-20 David H. Oaknin

A recent experiment yielding results in agreement with quantum theory and violating Bell inequalities was interpreted [Nature 526 (29 Octobert 2015) p. 682 and p. 649] as ruling out any local realistic theory of nature. But quantum theory…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-12-07 Robert B. Griffiths

Bell inequalities are one of the cornerstones of quantum foundations, and fundamental tools for quantum technologies. Recently, the scientific community worldwide has put a lot of effort towards them, which culminated with loophole-free…

For more than 80 years, the counterintuitive predictions of quantum theory have stimulated debate about the nature of reality. In his seminal work, John Bell proved that no theory of nature that obeys locality and realism can reproduce all…

This paper analyzes effects of time-dependence in the Bell inequality. A generalized inequality is derived for the case when coincidence and non-coincidence [and hence whether or not a pair contributes to the actual data] is controlled by…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-03-16 Jan-Åke Larsson , Richard Gill

Bell inequalities are intended to show that local realist theories cannot describe the world. A local realist theory is one where physical properties are defined prior to and independent of measurement, and no physical influence can…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-12-01 Jan-Åke Larsson

The no-signalling principle is a fundamental assumption in Bell-inequality and quantum-steering experiments. Nonetheless, experimental imperfections can lead to apparent violations beyond those expected from finite-sample statistics. Here,…

It is not generally known, that the inequality that Bell derived using three random variables must be identically satisfied by any three corresponding data sets of plus and minus 1s that are writable on paper.This surprising fact is not…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-01-10 Louis Sica

Bell's theorem supposedly demonstrates an irreconcilable conflict between quantum mechanics and local, realistic hidden variable theories. In this paper we show that all experiments that aim to prove Bell's theorem do not actually achieve…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-01-10 Andrea Aiello

Initially motivated by their relevance in foundations of quantum mechanics and more recently by their applications in different contexts of quantum information science, violations of Bell inequalities have been extensively studied during…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-10-17 Carlos Palazuelos

Assumed data streams from a delayed choice gedanken experiment must satisfy a Bell's identity independently of locality assumptions. The violation of Bell's inequality by assumed correlations of identical form among these data streams…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-07 Louis Sica

We analyze foundational consequences of recently announced loophole free tests of violation of Bell's inequality. We consider two interpretations of these remarkable experiments. By the conventional one "Einstein was wrong and Bohr was…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-07-28 Andrei Khrennikov
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