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Random number generators play an essential role in cryptography and key distribution. It is thus important to verify whether the random numbers generated from these devices are genuine and unpredictable by any adversary. Recently, quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-01-07 Shubhayan Sarkar

We introduce a new entanglement measure based on optimal entanglement witness. First of all, we show that the entanglement measure satisfies some necessary properties, including zero entanglements for all separable states, convexity,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-02-20 Nan Yang , Jiaji Wu , Xianyun Dong , Longyu Xiao , Jing Wang , Ming Li

Entanglement is a fundamental feature of quantum mechanics and holds great promise for enhancing metrology and communications. Much of the focus of quantum metrology so far has been on generating highly entangled quantum states that offer…

Device-independent certification of quantum states enables the characterization of states within a device under minimal physical assumptions. A major problem in this regard is to certify quantum states using minimal resources. Aiming to…

We introduce a Pauli-measurement-based algorithm to certify the Schmidt number of $n$-qubit pure states. Our protocol achieves an average-case sample complexity of $\caO(\mathrm{poly}(n)\chi^2)$, a substantial improvement over the $\caO(2^n…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-19 Changhao Yi

Randomness is an indispensable resource in modern science and information technology. Fortunately, an experimentally simple procedure exists to generate randomness with well-characterized devices: measuring a quantum system in a basis…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-08-24 Le Phuc Thinh , Jean-Daniel Bancal , Eduardo Martin-Martinez

Quantum bits, or qubits, are the fundamental building blocks of present quantum computers. Hence, it is important to be able to characterize the state of a qubit as accurately as possible. By evaluating the qubit characterization problem…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-02-27 Bacui Li , Lorcan O. Conlon , Ping Koy Lam , Syed M. Assad

Recently [Cavalcanti \textit{et al.} Nat Commun \textbf{6}, 7941 (2015)] proposed a method to certify the presence of entanglement in asymmetric networks, where some users do not have control over the measurements they are performing. Such…

Entangled two-qubit states are the core building blocks for constructing quantum communication networks. Their accurate verification is crucial to the functioning of the networks, especially for untrusted networks. In this work we study the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-10-24 Yukun Wang , Xinjian Liu , Shaoxuan Wang , Haoying Zhang , Yunguang Han

We investigate the joint (separable) numerical range of multiple measurements, i.e., the regions of expectation values accessible with (separable) quantum states for given observables. This not only enables efficient entanglement detection,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-11-03 Timo Simnacher , Jakub Czartowski , Konrad Szymański , Karol Życzkowski

The emergence of quantum devices has raised a significant issue: how to certify the quantum properties of a device without placing trust in it. To characterise quantum states and measurements in a device-independent way, up to some degree…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-05 Shubhayan Sarkar , Alexandre C. Orthey, , Remigiusz Augusiak

The majority of recent works investigating the link between non-locality and randomness, e.g. in the context of device-independent cryptography, do so with respect to some specific Bell inequality, usually the CHSH inequality. However, the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-01-23 O. Nieto-Silleras , S. Pironio , J. Silman

We propose one and a half criteria for determining how many measurements are needed to quantify entanglement reliably. We base these criteria on Bayesian analysis of measurement results, and apply our methods to four-qubit entanglement, but…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-05-20 Jun O. S. Yin , Steven J. van Enk

One of the striking properties of quantum mechanics is the occurrence of the Bell-type non-locality. They are a fundamental feature of the theory that allows two parties that share an entangled quantum system to observe correlations…

Certifying that quantum devices behave as intended is crucial for quantum information science. Here, methods are developed for certification of both state preparation devices and measurement devices based on prepare-and-measure experiments…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-10-07 Armin Tavakoli

The randomness from a quantum random number generator (QRNG) relies on the accurate characterization of its devices. However, device imperfections and inaccurate characterizations can result in wrong entropy estimation and bias in practice,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-12-30 You-Qi Nie , Jian-Yu Guan , Hongyi Zhou , Qiang Zhang , Xiongfeng Ma , Jun Zhang , Jian-Wei Pan

The information obtained from the operation of a quantum gate on only two complementary sets of input states is sufficient to estimate the quantum process fidelity of the gate. In the case of entangling gates, these conditions can be used…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-08-23 Holger F. Hofmann , Ryo Okamoto , Shigeki Takeuchi

Certifying that an n-qubit state synthesized in the lab is close to the target state is a fundamental task in quantum information science. However, existing rigorous protocols either require deep quantum circuits or exponentially many…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-04-12 Hsin-Yuan Huang , John Preskill , Mehdi Soleimanifar

In the device-independent scenario, positive operator-valued measurements (POVMs) can certify more randomness than projective measurements. This paper self-tests a three-outcome extremal qubit POVM in the X-Z plane of the Bloch sphere by…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-12-17 Wenjie Wang , Mengyan Li , Fenzhuo Guo , Yukun Wang , Fei Gao

We consider statistical methods based on finite samples of locally randomized measurements in order to certify different degrees of multiparticle entanglement in intermediate-scale quantum systems. We first introduce hierarchies of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-06-08 Andreas Ketterer , Satoya Imai , Nikolai Wyderka , Otfried Gühne