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This paper proposes a new detection algorithm for MIMO communication systems employing high order QAM constellations. The factor graph that corresponds to this problem is very loopy; in fact, it is a complete graph. Hence, a straightforward…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2010-02-01 Jacobb Goldberger , Amir Leshem

The scalability and interpretability of message-passing (MP) decoding, such as (quaternary) Belief Propagation, remain open challenges in quantum error correction. Even for surface codes, arguably the first testbed for decoding methods,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-26 Boqing Zhang , Henry D. Pfister , Hanwen Yao , Siyuan Niu

An efficient implementation of min-sum SC/list decoding of convolutional polar codes is proposed. The complexity of the proposed implementation of SC decoding is more than two times smaller than the straightforward implementation. Moreover,…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2020-07-14 Ruslan Morozov

In the context of solving large distributed constraint optimization problems (DCOP), belief-propagation and approximate inference algorithms are candidates of choice. However, in general, when the factor graph is very loopy (i.e. cyclic),…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2017-06-08 Jesús Cerquides , Rémi Emonet , Gauthier Picard , Juan A. Rodríguez-Aguilar

We study the behavior of the belief-propagation (BP) algorithm affected by erroneous data exchange in a wireless sensor network (WSN). The WSN conducts a distributed binary hypothesis test where the joint statistical behavior of the sensor…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2020-04-14 Younes Abdi , Tapani Ristaniemi

We consider the optimal quantization of compressive sensing measurements following the work on generalization of relaxed belief propagation (BP) for arbitrary measurement channels. Relaxed BP is an iterative reconstruction scheme inspired…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2016-11-15 Ulugbek Kamilov , Vivek K Goyal , Sundeep Rangan

Hardware-friendly quantum low-density parity-check (QLDPC) decoders are commonly built upon belief propagation (BP) processing. Yet, quantum degeneracy often prevents BP from achieving reliable convergence. To overcome this fundamental…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-18 Lorenzo Valentini , Diego Forlivesi , Andrea Talarico , Marco Chiani

Belief propagation (BP) decoding of low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes with various dynamic decoding schedules have been proposed to improve the efficiency of the conventional flooding schedule. As the ultimate goal of an ideal LDPC code…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2021-05-11 Tofar C. -Y. Chang , Pin-Han Wang , Jian-Jia Weng , I-Hsiang Lee , Yu T. Su

In this paper, we will present an analysis on the fault erasure BP decoders based on the density evolution. In the fault BP decoder, messages exchanged in a BP process are stochastically corrupted due to unreliable logic gates and…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2016-12-21 Hiroki Mori , Tadashi Wadayama

We study directionally informed belief propagation (BP) decoding for quantum CSS codes, where anisotropic Tanner-graph structure and biased noise concentrate degeneracy along preferred directions. We formalize this by placing orientation…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2026-01-15 Mohammad Rowshan

We consider the weighted belief-propagation (WBP) decoder recently proposed by Nachmani et al. where different weights are introduced for each Tanner graph edge and optimized using machine learning techniques. Our focus is on simple-scaling…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2019-11-07 Mengke Lian , Fabrizio Carpi , Christian Häger , Henry D. Pfister

A low-density parity-check (LDPC) code is a linear block code described by a sparse parity-check matrix, which can be efficiently represented by a bipartite Tanner graph. The standard iterative decoding algorithm, known as belief…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2016-05-17 Sachini Jayasooriya , Sarah J. Johnson , Lawrence Ong , Regina Berretta

We address the problem of uncertainty propagation in the discrete Fourier transform by modeling the fast Fourier transform as a factor graph. Building on this representation, we propose an efficient framework for approximate Bayesian…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-09 Luca Schmid , Charlotte Muth , Laurent Schmalen

Graphical models use the intuitive and well-studied methods of graph theory to implicitly represent dependencies between variables in large systems. They can model the global behaviour of a complex system by specifying only local factors.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2015-08-21 Siamak Ravanbakhsh

Spatially coupled low-density parity-check codes show an outstanding performance under the low-complexity belief propagation (BP) decoding algorithm. They exhibit a peculiar convergence phenomenon above the BP threshold of the underlying…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2013-07-16 Vahid Aref , Laurent Schmalen , Stephan ten Brink

Belief propagation is known to perform extremely well in many practical statistical inference and learning problems using graphical models, even in the presence of multiple loops. The iterative use of belief propagation algorithm on loopy…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2013-02-13 Xiangqiong Shi , Dan Schonfeld , Daniela Tuninetti

A sequential updating scheme (SUS) for belief propagation (BP) decoding of LDPC codes over Galois fields, $GF(q)$, and correlated Markov sources is proposed, and compared with the standard parallel updating scheme (PUS). A thorough…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2009-11-11 Nadav Yacov , Hadar Efraim , Haggai Kfir , Ido Kanter , Ori Shental

Polar codes with memory (PCM) are proposed in this paper: a pair of consecutive code blocks containing a controlled number of mutual information bits. The shared mutual information bits of the succeeded block can help the failed block to…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2019-07-02 Wenyue Zhou , Qiang Liu , Yifei Shen , Xiaofeng Zhou , Chuan Zhang , Yaohua Xu , Liping Li

We present the tree-structure expectation propagation (Tree-EP) algorithm to decode low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes over discrete memoryless channels (DMCs). EP generalizes belief propagation (BP) in two ways. First, it can be used…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2015-03-19 Pablo M. Olmos , Juan José Murillo-Fuentes , Fernando Pérez-Cruz

The sigma point (SP) filter, also known as unscented Kalman filter, is an attractive alternative to the extended Kalman filter and the particle filter. Here, we extend the SP filter to nonsequential Bayesian inference corresponding to loopy…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-07-19 Florian Meyer , Ondrej Hlinka , Franz Hlawatsch