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A didactical survey of the foundations of Algorithmic Information Theory. These notes are short on motivation, history and background but introduce some of the main techniques and concepts of the field. The "manuscript" has been evolving…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2021-05-12 Peter Gacs

The ability to find short representations, i.e. to compress data, is crucial for many intelligent systems. We present a theory of incremental compression showing that arbitrary data strings, that can be described by a set of features, can…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2020-09-15 Arthur Franz , Oleksandr Antonenko , Roman Soletskyi

Probability theory is fundamental for modeling uncertainty, with traditional probabilities being real and non-negative. Complex probability extends this concept by allowing complex-valued probabilities, opening new avenues for analysis in…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2025-03-07 Chan Li , Hejun Xu , Zhu Cao

We present several application of simple topological arguments in problems of Kolmogorov complexity. Basically we use the standard fact from topology that the disk is simply connected. It proves to be enough to construct strings with some…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2015-01-27 Alexander Shen , Andrei Romashchenko

We investigate topological, combinatorial, statistical, and enumeration properties of finite graphs with high Kolmogorov complexity (almost all graphs) using the novel incompressibility method. Example results are: (i) the mean and variance…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2007-05-23 Harry Buhrman , Ming Li , John Tromp , Paul Vitanyi

This work proposes a complete algebraic model for classical information theory. As a precursor the essential probabilistic concepts have been defined and analyzed in the algebraic setting. Examples from probability and information theory…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2009-10-12 Manas K. Patra , Samuel L. Braunstein

We introduce a hierarchical classification of theories that describe systems with fundamentally limited information content. This property is introduced in an operational way and gives rise to the existence of mutually complementary…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2010-05-27 Tomasz Paterek , Borivoje Dakic , Caslav Brukner

We develop quantitative algorithmic information bounds for orthogonal projections and distances in the plane. Under mild independence conditions, the distance $|x-y|$ and a projection coordinate $p_e x$ each retain at least half the…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2025-09-08 Peter Cholak , Marianna Csörnyei , Neil Lutz , Patrick Lutz , Elvira Mayordomo , D. M. Stull

We show that classical and quantum Kolmogorov complexity of binary strings agree up to an additive constant. Both complexities are defined as the minimal length of any (classical resp. quantum) computer program that outputs the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-06-09 Markus Mueller

This is a chapter in the Encyclopedia of Robotics. It is devoted to the study of complexity of complete (or exact) algorithms for robot motion planning. The term ``complete'' indicates that an approach is guaranteed to find the correct…

Robotics · Computer Science 2020-03-31 Kiril Solovey

This is a chapter for the forthcoming New Handbook of Mathematical Psychology, to be published by Cambridge University Press. A systematic theory of random variables and joint distributions under varying conditions is presented. This is a…

Probability · Mathematics 2013-12-10 Ehtibar Dzhafarov , Janne Kujala

By Kolmogorov Complexity,two number-theoretic problems are solved in different way than before,one problem is Maxim Kontsevich and Don Bernard Zagier's Problem 3 \emph{Exhibit at least one number which does not belong to} $ \mathcal{P}$…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2016-10-24 Yang Bai , Xiuli Wang

Here we present in a single essay a combination and completion of the several aspects of the problem of randomness of individual objects which of necessity occur scattered in our texbook "An Introduction to Kolmogorov Complexity and Its…

Probability · Mathematics 2007-06-13 Paul M. B. Vitanyi

The paper is a survey of notions and results related to classical and new generalizations of the notion of a periodic sequence. The topics related to almost periodicity in combinatorics on words, symbolic dynamics, expressibility in logical…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2015-05-13 An. A. Muchnik , Yu. L. Pritykin , A. L. Semenov

Any positive word comprised of random sequence of tokens form a finite alphabet can be reduced (without change of length) using an appropriate size Braid group relationships. Surprisingly the Braid relations dramatically reduce the…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2013-08-20 Dara O Shayda

Depth of an object concerns a tradeoff between computation time and excess of program length over the shortest program length required to obtain the object. It gives an unconditional lower bound on the computation time from a given program…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2008-09-16 Luis Antunes , Armando Matos , Andre Souto , Paul Vitanyi

We consolidate two widely believed conjectures about tautologies -- no optimal proof system exists, and most require superpolynomial size proofs in any system -- into a $p$-isomorphism-invariant condition satisfied by all paddable…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2022-07-21 Hunter Monroe

Since the introduction of the Kolmogorov complexity of binary sequences in the 1960s, there have been significant advancements in the topic of complexity measures for randomness assessment, which are of fundamental importance in theoretical…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Chunlei Li

We introduce an asymmetric distance in the space of learning tasks, and a framework to compute their complexity. These concepts are foundational for the practice of transfer learning, whereby a parametric model is pre-trained for a task,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-07-15 Alessandro Achille , Giovanni Paolini , Glen Mbeng , Stefano Soatto

We show how complexity theory can be introduced in machine learning to help bring together apparently disparate areas of current research. We show that this new approach requires less training data and is more generalizable as it shows…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-10-10 Santiago Hernández-Orozco , Hector Zenil , Jürgen Riedel , Adam Uccello , Narsis A. Kiani , Jesper Tegnér