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We study the problem of decentralized secondary frequency regulation in power networks where ancillary services are provided via on-off load-side participation. We initially consider on-off loads that switch when prescribed frequency…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2019-09-17 Andreas Kasis , Nima Monshizadeh , Ioannis Lestas

This letter proposes a simple and inexpensive technique to improve the frequency control of distributed energy resources. The proposed control consists in modifying the conventional estimated bus frequency signal with an additional feedback…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-09-01 Federico Milano , Bibi Alhanjari , Georgios Tzounas

The issues of uncertainty and frequency security could become significantly serious in power systems with the high penetration of volatile inverter-based renewables (IBRs). These issues make it necessary to consider the uncertainty and…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-03-08 Ye Tian , Zhengshuo Li , Wenchuan Wu , Miao Fan

In this work we present new distributed controllers for secondary frequency and voltage control in islanded microgrids. Inspired by techniques from cooperative control, the proposed controllers use localized information and nearest-neighbor…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2017-09-21 John W. Simpson-Porco , Qobad Shafiee , Florian Dorfler , Juan C. Vasquez , Josep M. Guerrero , Francesco Bullo

Distributed consensus-based controllers for optimal secondary frequency regulation of microgrids and power systems have received substantial attention in recent years. This paper provides a Lyapunov-based proof that, under a time-scale…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2020-03-11 John W. Simpson-Porco

This paper investigates transient performance of inverter-based microgrids in terms of the resistive power losses incurred in regulating frequency under persistent stochastic disturbances. We model the inverters as second-order oscillators…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2016-03-22 Emma Tegling , Martin Andreasson , John W. Simpson-Porco , Henrik Sandberg

Distributed secondary frequency control for power systems, is a problem that has been extensively studied in the literature, and one of its key features is that an additional communication network is required to achieve optimal power…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-12-05 Mengmou Li , Jeremy Watson , Ioannis Lestas

Frequency restoration in power systems is conventionally performed by broadcasting a centralized signal to local controllers. As a result of the energy transition, technological advances, and the scientific interest in distributed control…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-01-13 Erieke Weitenberg , Yan Jiang , Changhong Zhao , Enrique Mallada , Claudio De Persis , Florian Dörfler

The increasing penetration of inverter-based resources into the power grid, with often only black-box models available, challenges long-standing frequency control methods. Most recent works take a decentralized approach without online…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-10-21 Michael Nestor , Jiaxin Wang , Ning Zhang , Fei Teng

The handling of weak networks with asymmetric loads and disturbances implies the accurate handling of the second-harmonic component that appears in an unbalanced network. This paper proposes a classic vector control approach using a…

Accelerator Physics · Physics 2016-07-07 Daniel Siemaszko , Alfred Rufery

This article is the second part of a paper series about interference in extremum (i.e., peak or valley) current-mode control, which applies to both fixed and variable switching frequency power converters. Specifically, this part presents…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-06-22 Xiaofan Cui , Al-Thaddeus Avestruz

Modeled after the hierarchical control architecture of power transmission systems, a layering of primary, secondary, and tertiary control has become the standard operation paradigm for islanded microgrids. Despite this superficial…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2017-09-21 Florian Dörfler , John Simpson-Porco , Francesco Bullo

This paper presents a robust secondary control strategy for frequency synchronization and active power sharing for inverter-based microgrids. The problem is addressed in a multi-agent fashion where the local controllers of the distributed…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-07-27 Milad Gholami , Gianni Bianchini , Antonio Vicino

In this paper, we present distributed controllers for sharing primary and secondary frequency control reserves for asynchronous AC transmission systems, which are connected through a multi-terminal HVDC grid. By using Lyapunov arguments,…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2015-12-17 Martin Andreasson , Roger Wiget , Dimos V. Dimarogonas , Karl H. Johansson , Göran Andersson

Frequency control in power systems is implemented in a hierarchical structure traditionally known as primary frequency control (PFC), secondary frequency control (SFC) and tertiary control reserve (TCR) and, some jurisdictions, include time…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-18 Taulant Kerci , Angel Vaca , Andrew Groom , Julia Matevosyan , Federico Milano

This paper addresses frequency regulation under operational constraints in interconnected power systems with high penetration of inverter-based renewable generation. A two-layer control architecture is proposed that combines optimized droop…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-24 Jose A. Solano-Castellanos , Hassan Haes Alhelou , Ali T. Al- Awami , Mohannad Alkhraijah , Anuradha M. Annaswamy

Reset controllers have demonstrated their effectiveness in enhancing performance in precision motion systems. To further exploiting the potential of reset controllers, this study introduces a parallel-partial reset control structure.…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-06-25 Xinxin Zhang , S. Hassan HosseinNia

High penetration of renewable energy sources intensifies frequency fluctuations in multi-area power systems, challenging both stability and operational safety. This paper proposes a novel distributed frequency control method that ensures…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-09-10 Xiemin Mo , Tao Liu

We consider the problem of spectrum sharing in a cognitive radio system consisting of a primary user and a secondary user. The primary user and the secondary user work in a non-cooperative manner. Specifically, the primary user is assumed…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2018-05-08 Xingjian Li , Jun Fang , Wen Cheng , Huiping Duan , Zhi Chen , Hongbin Li

Inverter-dominated microgrids are quickly becoming a key building block of future power systems. They rely on centralized controllers that can provide reliability and resiliency in extreme events. Nonetheless, communication failures due to…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-07-11 Siddharth Bhela , Abhishek Banerjee , Ulrich Muenz , Joachim Bamberger