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We develop a model of infection spread that takes into account the existence of a vulnerable group as well as the variability of the social relations of individuals. We develop a compartmentalized power-law model, with power-law connections…

Physics and Society · Physics 2020-10-13 Simone Santini

Infection can spread easily on networks with heterogeneous degree distribution. Here, we considered targeted immunization on such networks, wherein a fraction of individuals with the highest connectivity are immunized. To quantify the…

Physics and Society · Physics 2021-11-05 Satoru Morita

With COVID-19 having emerged as the most widespread human pandemic disease in a century, the need to control its spread to avoid massive loss of life became more than necessary, and extremely fast. Several vaccines were developed and the…

Upstream reciprocity (also called generalized reciprocity) is a putative mechanism for cooperation in social dilemma situations with which players help others when they are helped by somebody else. It is a type of indirect reciprocity.…

Physics and Society · Physics 2011-10-11 Naoki Masuda

Viral campaigns are crucial methods for word-of-mouth marketing in social communities. The goal of these campaigns is to encourage people for activity. The problem of incentivised and non-incentivised campaigns is studied in the paper.…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2013-03-12 Radosław Michalski , Jarosław Jankowski , Przemysław Kazienko

Vaccination games in higher-order settings remain underexplored, despite their importance in shaping opinions and collective decisions. Here, we introduce a parsimonious behavioral-epidemiological model to evaluate how peer reinforcement…

Physics and Society · Physics 2026-01-21 Yikang Lu , Ying Wang , Alfonso de Miguel-Arribas , Lei Shi , Yamir Moreno

Understanding how people form and revise their perception of risk is central to designing efficient risk communication methods, eliciting risk awareness, and avoiding unnecessary anxiety among the public. However, public responses to…

Physics and Society · Physics 2015-04-22 Mehdi Moussaid , Henry Brighton , Wolfgang Gaissmaier

Research on promoting cooperation among autonomous, self-regarding agents has often focused on the bi-objective optimisation problem: minimising the total incentive cost while maximising the frequency of cooperation. However, the optimal…

When exposed to a contagion phenomenon, individuals may respond to the perceived risk of infection by adopting behavioral changes, aiming to reduce their exposure or their risk of infecting others. The social cost of such adaptive behaviors…

Physics and Society · Physics 2026-02-06 Marco Mancastroppa , Márton Karsai , Alain Barrat

Mass vaccination remains a long-lasting challenge for disease control and prevention with upticks in vaccine hesitancy worldwide. Here, we introduce an experience-based learning (Q-learning) dynamics model of vaccination behavior in social…

Physics and Society · Physics 2025-11-03 Atticus McWhorter , Feng Fu

We present a stochastic epidemic model to study the effect of various preventive measures, such as uniform reduction of contacts and transmission, vaccination, isolation, screening and contact tracing, on a disease outbreak in a…

Populations and Evolution · Quantitative Biology 2022-07-08 Martina Favero , Gianpaolo Scalia Tomba , Tom Britton

We analyze an optimal control version of a simple SIR epidemiology model that includes a partially specified vaccination policy and takes into account fatigue from protracted application of social distancing measures. The model assumes…

Populations and Evolution · Quantitative Biology 2021-08-17 Evangelos F. Magirou

In this article, we proposed a susceptible-infected model with identical infectivity, in which, at every time step, each node can only contact a constant number of neighbors. We implemented this model on scale-free networks, and found that…

Biological Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Tao Zhou , Jian-Guo Liu , Wen-Jie Bai , Guanrong Chen , Bing-Hong Wang

Immunizing a subset of nodes in a network - enabling them to identify and withstand the spread of harmful content - is one of the most effective ways to counter the spread of malicious content. It has applications in network security,…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2019-12-30 Muhammad Ahmad , Sarwan Ali , Juvaria Tariq , Imdadullah Khan , Mudassir Shabbir , Arif Zaman

Large-scale social networks are thought to contribute to polarization by amplifying people's biases. However, the complexity of these technologies makes it difficult to identify the mechanisms responsible and to evaluate mitigation…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2022-10-07 Mathew D. Hardy , Bill D. Thompson , P. M. Krafft , Thomas L. Griffiths

In this paper we conduct a simulation study of the spread of an epidemic like COVID-19 with temporary immunity on finite spatial and non-spatial network models. In particular, we assume that an epidemic spreads stochastically on a…

Physics and Society · Physics 2021-12-16 Tim Hulshof , Joost Jorritsma , Júlia Komjáthy

Recent Covid-19 pandemic has demonstrated the need of efficient epidemic outbreak management. We study the optimal control problem of minimizing the fraction of infected population by applying vaccination and treatment control strategies,…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2021-12-07 Jagtap Kalyani Devendra , Kundan Kandhway

A growing body of empirical evidence indicates that social and cooperative behavior can be affected by cognitive and neurological factors, suggesting the existence of state-based decision-making mechanisms that may have emerged by…

Populations and Evolution · Quantitative Biology 2017-08-23 Zoran Utkovski , Viktor Stojkoski , Lasko Basnarkov , Ljupco Kocarev

Increasing the infection risk early in an epidemic is individually and socially optimal under some parameter values. The reason is that the early patients recover or die before the peak of the epidemic, which flattens the peak. This…

Populations and Evolution · Quantitative Biology 2020-04-28 Sander Heinsalu

Declines in vaccination coverage for vaccine-preventable diseases, such as measles and chickenpox, have enabled their surprising comebacks and pose significant public health challenges in the wake of growing vaccine hesitancy. Vaccine…

Physics and Society · Physics 2025-03-07 Feng Fu , Ran Zhuo , Xingru Chen