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An ordered graph $H$ on $n$ vertices is a graph whose vertices have been labeled bijectively with $\{1,...,n\}$. The ordered Ramsey number $r_<(H)$ is the minimum $n$ such that every two-coloring of the edges of the complete graph $K_n$…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2019-10-31 Will Overman , Jeremy F. Alm , Kayla Coffey , Carolyn Langhoff

We study graphs with the property that every edge-colouring admits a monochromatic cycle (the length of which may depend freely on the colouring) and describe those graphs that are minimal with this property. We show that every member in…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2018-08-01 Damian Reding , Anusch Taraz

We prove a new generalisation of Ramsey's theorem by showing that every $2$-edge-coloured graph with sufficiently large minimum degree contains a monochromatic induced subgraph whose minimum degree remains large. From this, we also derive…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2026-04-17 Arnab Char , Ken-ichi Kawarabayashi , Lucas Picasarri-Arrieta

The family $D(k,m)$ of graphs having an orientation such that for every vertex $v \in V(G)$ either (outdegree) $\deg^+(v) \le k$ or (indegree) $\deg^-(v) \le m$ have been investigated recently in several papers because of the role $D(k,m)$…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2011-12-15 Yair Caro , Adriana Hansberg

Given graphs $G$ and $H$ and a positive integer $k$, the \emph{Gallai-Ramsey number}, denoted by $gr_{k}(G : H)$ is defined to be the minimum integer $n$ such that every coloring of $K_{n}$ using at most $k$ colors will contain either a…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2019-02-05 Xihe Li , Pierre Besse , Colton Magnant , Ligong Wang , Noah Watts

For a partially ordered set $(A, \le)$, let $G_A$ be the simple, undirected graph with vertex set $A$ such that two vertices $a \neq b\in A$ are adjacent if either $a \le b$ or $b \le a$. We call $G_A$ the \emph{partial order graph} or…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2020-10-22 Ayman Badawi , Roswitha Rissner

For given graphs $G_{1}, G_{2}, ... , G_{k}, k \geq 2$, the multicolor Ramsey number $R(G_{1}, G_{2}, ... , G_{k})$ is the smallest integer $n$ such that if we arbitrarily color the edges of the complete graph of order $n$ with $k$ colors,…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2017-07-24 Farideh Khoeini , Tomasz Dzido

We call the minimum order of any complete graph so that for any coloring of the edges by $k$ colors it is impossible to avoid a monochromatic or rainbow triangle, a Mixed Ramsey number. For any graph $H$ with edges colored from the above…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2014-03-18 Marcus Bartlett , Elliot Krop , Thuhong Nguyen , Michael Ngo , Petra President

The square $G^2$ of a graph $G$ is the graph on $V(G)$ with a pair of vertices $uv$ an edge whenever $u$ and $v$ have distance $1$ or $2$ in $G$. Given graphs $G$ and $H$, the Ramsey number $R(G,H)$ is the minimum $N$ such that whenever the…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-07-18 Peter Allen , Domenico Mergoni Cecchelli , Barnaby Roberts , Jozef Skokan

An ordered graph is a pair $\mathcal{G}=(G,\prec)$ where $G$ is a graph and $\prec$ is a total ordering of its vertices. The ordered Ramsey number $\overline{R}(\mathcal{G})$ is the minimum number $N$ such that every $2$-coloring of the…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2018-06-21 Martin Balko , Vít Jelínek , Pavel Valtr

We study theorems giving sufficient conditions on the vertex degrees of a graph $G$ to guarantee $G$ is $t$-tough. We first give a best monotone theorem when $t\ge1$, but then show that for any integer $k\ge1$, a best monotone theorem for…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2011-05-27 D. Bauer , H. J. Broersma , J. van den Heuvel , N. Kahl , E. Schmeichel

Given any graph $H$, a graph $G$ is said to be $q$-Ramsey for $H$ if every coloring of the edges of $G$ with $q$ colors yields a monochromatic subgraph isomorphic to $H$. Further, such a graph $G$ is said to be minimal $q$-Ramsey for $H$ if…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2020-09-10 Simona Boyadzhiyska , Dennis Clemens , Pranshu Gupta

The $r$-colour Ramsey number $R_r(k)$ is the minimum $n \in \mathbb{N}$ such that every $r$-colouring of the edges of the complete graph $K_n$ on $n$ vertices contains a monochromatic copy of $K_k$. We prove, for each fixed $r \geqslant 2$,…

The size-Ramsey number $\hat{R}(F,r)$ of a graph $F$ is the smallest integer $m$ such that there exists a graph $G$ on $m$ edges with the property that any colouring of the edges of $G$ with $r$ colours yields a monochromatic copy of $F$.…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2018-06-26 Andrzej Dudek , Paweł Prałat

Given a labeled graph $H$ with vertex set $\{1, 2,\ldots,n\}$, the ordered Ramsey number $r_<(H)$ is the minimum $N$ such that every two-coloring of the edges of the complete graph on $\{1, 2, \ldots,N\}$ contains a copy of $H$ with…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2016-04-27 David Conlon , Jacob Fox , Choongbum Lee , Benny Sudakov

Given a graph $H$, the Ramsey number $R(H)$ is the smallest positive integer $n$ such that every $2$-edge-colouring of $K_n$ yields a monochromatic copy of $H$. We write $mH$ to denote the union of $m$ vertex-disjoint copies of $H$. The…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-08-18 József Balogh , Andrea Freschi , Andrew Treglown

The $r$-color size-Ramsey number of a $k$-uniform hypergraph $H$, denoted by $\hat{R}_r(H)$, is the minimum number of edges in a $k$-uniform hypergraph $G$ such that for every $r$-coloring of the edges of $G$ there exists a monochromatic…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2024-03-13 Deepak Bal , Louis DeBiasio , Allan Lo

For every $k\ge 2$ and $\Delta$, we prove that there exists a constant $C_{\Delta,k}$ such that the following holds. For every graph $H$ with $\chi(H)=k$ and every tree with at least $C_{\Delta,k}|H|$ vertices and maximum degree at most…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-09-17 Richard Montgomery , Matías Pavez-Signé , Jun Yan

A path in an edge-colored graph is called a monochromatic path if all edges of the path have a same color. We call $k$ paths $P_1,\cdots,P_k$ rainbow monochromatic paths if every $P_i$ is monochromatic and for any two $i\neq j$, $P_i$ and…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2020-01-07 Ping Li , Xueliang Li

For ordered graphs $G$ and $H$, the ordered Ramsey number $r_<(G,H)$ is the smallest $n$ such that every red/blue edge coloring of the complete graph on vertices $\{1,\dots,n\}$ contains either a blue copy of $G$ or a red copy of $H$, where…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2018-08-14 Dhruv Rohatgi