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Economic choices are often stochastic: the same person may make a different choice when facing the same alternatives repeatedly. Standard models assume that the degree of randomness reflects the size of utility differences, but choice…

Theoretical Economics · Economics 2026-05-05 Shuhua Si

Symmetry is a common feature of many combinatorial problems. Unfortunately eliminating all symmetry from a problem is often computationally intractable. This paper argues that recent parameterized complexity results provide insight into…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2015-05-19 Toby Walsh

Complexity is a measure of information content. Crystalline materials are not complex systems because their structures can be represented tersely using the language of crystallography. Disordered materials are also structurally simple if…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2025-09-12 Andrew L. Goodwin

We extend previously proposed measures of complexity, emergence, and self-organization to continuous distributions using differential entropy. This allows us to calculate the complexity of phenomena for which distributions are known. We…

Adaptation and Self-Organizing Systems · Physics 2016-04-01 Guillermo Santamaría-Bonfil , Nelson Fernández , Carlos Gershenson

We explore the notion of degree of asymmetry for integer sequences and related combinatorial objects. The degree of asymmetry is a new combinatorial statistic that measures how far an object is from being symmetric. We define this notion…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2021-07-14 Sergi Elizalde , Emeric Deutsch

Skewness measures can be used to measure the level of asymmetry of a distribution. Given the prevalence of statistical methods that assume underlying symmetry, and also the desire for symmetry in order to make meaningful judgements for…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2019-12-19 Chandima N. P. G. Arachchige , Luke A. Prendergast

Except for crystalline or random structures, an agreed definition of complexity for intermediate and hence interesting cases does not exist. We fill this gap with a notion of complexity that characterises shapes formed by any finite number…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2024-05-14 Julian Barbour , Zaza Doborjginidze , Tim Koslowski , Hemant Shukla

This paper provides an extension of compressed sensing which bridges a substantial gap between existing theory and its current use in real-world applications. It introduces a mathematical framework that generalizes the three standard…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2014-06-24 Ben Adcock , Anders C. Hansen , Clarice Poon , Bogdan Roman

We propose a novel measure of degree heterogeneity, for unweighted and undirected complex networks, which requires only the degree distribution of the network for its computation. We show that the proposed measure can be applied to all…

Physics and Society · Physics 2017-10-03 Rinku Jacob , K. P. Harikrishnan , R. Misra , G. Ambika

In this paper we propose numerical measures for evaluating the aesthetic interest of simple patterns. The patterns consist of elements (symbols, pixels, etc.) in regular square arrays. The measures depend on two characteristics of the…

Data Analysis, Statistics and Probability · Physics 2011-08-30 Allen Klinger , Nikos A. Salingaros

We present a complexity measure for any finite time series. This measure has invariance under any monotonic transformation of the time series, has a degree of robustness against noise, and has the adaptability of satisfying almost all the…

Chaotic Dynamics · Physics 2008-11-25 Da-Guan Ke , Qin-Ye Tong

In this paper we examine the concept of complexity as it applies to generative art and design. Complexity has many different, discipline specific definitions, such as complexity in physical systems (entropy), algorithmic measures of…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2021-02-05 Jon McCormack , Camilo Cruz Gambardella , Andy Lomas

We introduce a uniform representation of general objects that captures the regularities with respect to their structure. It allows a representation of a general class of objects including geometric patterns and images in a sparse, modular,…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2008-06-12 Hiroshi Ishikawa

The advent of modern technology, permitting the measurement of thousands of characteristics simultaneously, has given rise to floods of data characterized by many large or even huge datasets. This new paradigm presents extraordinary…

Methodology · Statistics 2019-02-14 A. M. Pires , J. A. Branco

In constraint programming and related paradigms, a modeller specifies their problem in a modelling language for a solver to search and return its solution(s). Using high-level modelling languages such as Essence, a modeller may express…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-17 Özgür Akgün , Mun See Chang , Ian P. Gent , Christopher Jefferson

Recently it has been argued that entropy can be a direct measure of complexity, where the smaller value of entropy indicates lower system complexity, while its larger value indicates higher system complexity. We dispute this view and…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2020-08-26 Jarosław Klamut , Ryszard Kutner , Zbigniew R. Struzik

We aim at studying collections of algebraic structures defined over a commutative ring and investigating the complexity of significant constructions carried out on these objects. The assignment of measures of size, via a multiplicity…

Commutative Algebra · Mathematics 2014-02-11 Wolmer V. Vasconcelos

We propose a measure of macroscopic coherence based on the degree of disturbance caused by a coarse-grained measurement. Based on our measure, we point out that recently proposed criteria of macroscopic coherence may lead to inconsistent…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-05-09 Hyukjoon Kwon , Chae-Yeun Park , Kok Chuan Tan , Hyunseok Jeong

Symmetry is an important feature of many constraint programs. We show that any symmetry acting on a set of symmetry breaking constraints can be used to break symmetry. Different symmetries pick out different solutions in each symmetry…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2009-09-18 George Katsirelos , Toby Walsh

The Dirichlet process mixture model and more general mixtures based on discrete random probability measures have been shown to be flexible and accurate models for density estimation and clustering. The goal of this paper is to illustrate…

Methodology · Statistics 2013-10-02 Ernesto Barrios , Antonio Lijoi , Luis E. Nieto-Barajas , Igor Prünster