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Quantum Mechanics (QM) has faced deep controversies and debates since its origin when Werner Heisenberg proposed the first mathematical formalism capable to operationally account for what had been recently discovered as the new field of…

History and Philosophy of Physics · Physics 2020-09-02 Christian de Ronde

Undergraduate quantum mechanics focuses on teaching through a wavefunction approach in the position-space representation. This leads to a differential equation perspective for teaching the material. However, we know that abstract…

Physics Education · Physics 2023-05-02 James K. Freericks , Leanne Doughty

As a foundation of modern physics, uncertainty relations describe an ultimate limit for the measurement uncertainty of incompatible observables. Traditionally, uncertain relations are formulated by mathematical bounds for a specific state.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-09-18 Jie Xie , Songtao Huang , Li Zhou , Aonan Zhang , Huichao Xu , Man-Hong Yung , Nengkun Yu , Lijian Zhang

Mechanical resonators are gradually becoming available as new quantum systems. Quantum optics in combination with optomechanical interactions (quantum optomechanics) provides a particularly helpful toolbox for generating and controlling…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2010-06-02 Markus Aspelmeyer , Simon Groeblacher , Klemens Hammerer , Nikolai Kiesel

Recently a study of the first superposed mechanical quantum object ("machine") visible to the naked eye was published. However, as we show, it turns out that if the object would actually be observed, i.e. would interact with an optical…

General Physics · Physics 2015-04-01 Johan Hansson

The quantum mechanics formalism introduced new revolutionary concepts challenging our everyday perceptions. Arguably, quantum entanglement, which explains correlations that cannot be reproduced classically, is the most notable of them.…

Historically, the element of uncertainty in quantum mechanics has been expressed through mathematical identities called uncertainty relations, a great many of which continue to be discovered. These relations use diverse measures to quantify…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-03-16 Varun Narasimhachar , Alireza Poostindouz , Gilad Gour

The Heisenberg uncertainty principle is one of the fundamental pillars of quantum mechanics and quantum field theory. It is normally introduced by postulating the commutation relations $[\hat{x}^i, \hat{p}^j] = i\hbar \delta^{ij}$. However,…

High Energy Physics - Phenomenology · Physics 2026-01-29 Ezequiel Valero , Hector Gisbert , Victor Ilisie

It is the matter of fact that quantum mechanics operates with notions that are not determined in the frame of the mechanics' formalism. Among them we can call the notion of "wave-particle" (that, however, does not appear in both classical…

General Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Volodymyr Krasnoholovets

Learning physical properties of a quantum system is essential for the developments of quantum technologies. However, Heisenberg's uncertainty principle constrains the potential knowledge one can simultaneously have about a system in quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-05-25 Yunlong Xiao , Naihuan Jing , Bing Yu , Shao-Ming Fei , Xianqing Li-Jost

In the past decade, the toolkit of quantum information has been expanded to include processes in which the basic operations do not have definite causal relations. Originally considered in the context of the unification of quantum mechanics…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-07-22 Lee A. Rozema , Teodor Strömberg , Huan Cao , Yu Guo , Bi-Heng Liu , Philip Walther

This study presents a review of the current state of research on teaching quantum mechanics in secondary and lower undergraduate education. A conceptual approach to quantum mechanics is being implemented in more and more introductory…

Physics Education · Physics 2017-05-15 Kim Krijtenburg-Lewerissa , Henk Pol , Alexander Brinkman , Wouter van Joolingen

We derive new Heisenberg-type uncertainty relations for both joint measurability and the error-disturbance tradeoff for arbitrary observables of finite-dimensional systems. The relations are formulated in terms of a directly operational…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-02-28 Joseph M. Renes , Volkher B. Scholz

This article presents a full operator analytical method for studying the quadratic nonlinear interactions in quantum optomechanics. The method is based on the application of higher-order operators, using a six-dimensional basis of second…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-11-13 Sina Khorasani

In this paper a didactic approach is described which immediately leads to an understanding of those postulates of quantum mechanics used most frequently in quantum computation. Moreover, an interpretation of quantum mechanics is presented…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2008-01-22 Christian Jansson

We propose an exercise in which one attempts to deduce the formalism of quantum mechanics solely from phenomenological observations. The only assumed inputs are obtained through sequential probing of quantum systems; no presuppositions…

The canonical commutation relation is the hallmark of quantum theory and Heisenberg's uncertainty relation is a direct consequence of it. But despite its fundamental role in quantum theory, surprisingly, its genuine direct experimental test…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-06-30 Richard Wagner , Wenzel Kersten , Armin Danner , Hartmut Lemmel , Alok Kumar Pan , Stephan Sponar

Traditional approaches to undergraduate-level quantum mechanics require extensive mathematical preparation, preventing most students from enrolling in a quantum mechanics course until the third year of a physics major. Here we describe an…

Physics Education · Physics 2024-12-04 Jeremy Levy , Chandralekha Singh

Heisenberg's uncertainty principle provides a fundamental limitation on an observer's ability to simultaneously predict the outcome when one of two measurements is performed on a quantum system. However, if the observer has access to a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2011-10-04 Robert Prevedel , Deny R. Hamel , Roger Colbeck , Kent Fisher , Kevin J. Resch

An open question in experimental physics is the characterization of gravitational effects in quantum regimes. We propose an experimental set-up that uses well-tested techniques in cavity optomechanics to observe the effects of the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-10-10 Abdulrahim Al Balushi , Wan Cong , Robert B. Mann