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Related papers: A Randomized Version of the Collatz $3x + 1$ Probl…

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The Randomized Kaczmarz Algorithm is a randomized method which aims at solving a consistent system of over determined linear equations. This note discusses how to find an optimized randomization scheme for this algorithm, which is related…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2016-11-17 Liang Dai , Mojtaba Soltanalian , Kristiaan Pelckmans

The 3x+ 1 problem concerns iteration of the map on the integers given by T(n) = (3n+1)/2 if n is odd; T(n) = n/2 if n is even. The 3x+1 Conjecture asserts that for every positive integer n > 1 the forward orbit of n under iteration by T…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2011-01-12 Jeffrey C. Lagarias

The representation of numbers in rational base $p/q$ was introduced in 2008 by Akiyama, Frougny & Sakarovitch, with a special focus on the case $p/q=3/2$. Unnoticed since then, natural questions related to representations in that specific…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2025-04-21 Shalom Eliahou , Jean-Louis Verger-Gaugry

In this paper, we show that any proof of the Collatz 3n+1 Conjecture must have an infinite number of lines; therefore, no formal proof is possible.

General Mathematics · Mathematics 2012-08-13 Craig Alan Feinstein

We give a short proof of Belaga's result on bounds to perigees of $(3x+d)$-cycles of a given oddlength. We also reformulate the Collatz cycle conjecture which is rather a algorithmic problem into a purely arithmetic problem.

Number Theory · Mathematics 2014-09-23 Masayoshi Kaneda

In this paper we are shown the following facts: The probability of increased $ A_{k}=P(T^{k} (x_{0})>T^{k-1} (x_{0})) $, and the probability of decrease $B_{k}=P(T^{k} (x_{0})<T^{k-1} (x_{0}))$ in step $ k $ of a Collataz procedure…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2017-07-04 Denis Martínez Tápanes , Jose E. Martínez Serra

We improve on Gonek-Montgomery's quantitative version of Kronecker's approximation theorem.

Number Theory · Mathematics 2024-05-14 Daria Maksimova

We prove an improved form of an expectation of Polya and discuss several related questions

Number Theory · Mathematics 2025-12-02 Umberto Zannier

This article presents a coupling approach for the approximation of iterated stochastic integrals of length three. The generation of such integrals is the central problem of higher-order pathwise approximations for SDEs, which still lacks a…

Probability · Mathematics 2019-10-15 Xiling Zhang

In this paper I present a 3SAT algorithm based on the randomized algorithm of Papadimitriou from 1991, and Schoning from 1991. We also present strong arguments that this algorithm finds a solution (if it exists) for a 3SAT problem with high…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2018-01-03 Cristian Dumitrescu

We propose a stochastic optimization method for the minimization of the sum of three convex functions, one of which has Lipschitz continuous gradient as well as restricted strong convexity. Our approach is most suitable in the setting where…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2017-02-01 Alp Yurtsever , Bang Cong Vu , Volkan Cevher

We present a deterministic polynomial-time algorithm that solves the 3-satisfiability problem.

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2012-01-09 Amar Mukherjee

A major problem in evaluating stochastic local search algorithms for NP-complete problems is the need for a systematic generation of hard test instances having previously known properties of the optimal solutions. On the basis of…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2009-11-07 W. Barthel , A. K. Hartmann , M. Leone , F. Ricci-Tersenghi , M. Weigt , R. Zecchina

We here elaborate on a quantitative argument to support the validity of the Collatz conjecture, also known as the (3x + 1) or Syracuse conjecture. The analysis is structured as follows. First, three distinct fixed points are found for the…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2016-12-28 Timoteo Carletti , Duccio Fanelli

In this invited contribution, we revisit the stochastic shortest path problem, and show how recent results allow one to improve over the classical solutions: we present algorithms to synthesize strategies with multiple guarantees on the…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2014-11-05 Mickael Randour , Jean-François Raskin , Ocan Sankur

In this paper we give stochastic solutions of conformable fractional Cauchy problems. The stochastic solutions are obtained by running the processes corresponding to Cauchy problems with a nonlinear deterministic clock.

Probability · Mathematics 2016-06-23 Yucel Cenesiz , Ali Kurt , Erkan Nane

In the Collatz 3x+1 problem, there are 3 possibilities: Starting from any positive number, we either reach the trivial loop (1,4,2), end up in a non-trivial loop, or go until infinity. In this paper, we shall show that if a non-trivial loop…

General Mathematics · Mathematics 2009-08-09 Roupam Ghosh

We study distributed optimization problems over a network when the communication between the nodes is constrained, and so information that is exchanged between the nodes must be quantized. This imperfect communication poses a fundamental…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2018-10-30 Thinh T. Doan , Siva Theja Maguluri , Justin Romberg

A variational equation of the third order in three-dimensional space is proposed which describes autoparallel curves of some connection.

Differential Geometry · Mathematics 2014-06-25 R. Ya. Matsyuk

By first solving the equation $x^3+y^3+z^3=k$ with fixed $k$ for $z$ and then considering the distance to the nearest integer function of the result, we turn the sum of three cubes problem into an optimisation one. We then apply three…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2023-08-02 Boian Lazov , Tsvetan Vetsov