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We study analytically and experimentally certain symplectic and time-reversible N-body integrators which employ a Kepler solver for each pair-wise interaction, including the method of Hernandez & Bertschinger (2015). Owing to the Kepler…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2017-03-03 Walter Dehnen , David M. Hernandez

We introduce a class of fourth order symplectic algorithms that are ideal for doing long time integration of gravitational few-body problems. These algorithms have only positive time steps, but require computing the force gradient in…

Astrophysics · Physics 2007-05-23 Siu A. Chin , C. R. Chen

This paper describes a fourth-order integration algorithm for the gravitational N-body problem based on discrete Lagrangian mechanics. When used with shared timesteps, the algorithm is momentum conserving and symplectic. We generalize the…

Astrophysics · Physics 2010-11-11 Will M. Farr , Edmund Bertschinger

Symplectic N-body integrators are widely used to study problems in celestial mechanics. The most popular algorithms are of 2nd and 4th order, requiring 2 and 6 substeps per timestep, respectively. The number of substeps increases rapidly…

Astrophysics · Physics 2009-10-31 J. E. Chambers , M. A. Murison

By combining a standard symmetric, symplectic integrator with a new step size controller, we provide an integration scheme that is symmetric, reversible and conserves the values of the constants of motion. This new scheme is appropriate for…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2012-12-07 Jonathan Seyrich , Georgios Lukes-Gerakopoulos

Symplectic integrators are the preferred method of solving conservative $N$-body problems in cosmological, stellar cluster, and planetary system simulations because of their superior error properties and ability to compute orbital…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2019-04-17 David M. Hernandez

Symplectic integrators are widely used for long-term integration of conservative astrophysical problems due to their ability to preserve the constants of motion; however, they cannot in general be applied in the presence of nonconservative…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2015-08-10 David Tsang , Chad R. Galley , Leo C. Stein , Alec Turner

The gravitational $N$-body problem, which is fundamentally important in astrophysics to predict the motion of $N$ celestial bodies under the mutual gravity of each other, is usually solved numerically because there is no known general…

Computational Physics · Physics 2021-12-10 Maxwell X. Cai , Simon Portegies Zwart , Damian Podareanu

Symplectic integration algorithms are well-suited for long-term integrations of Hamiltonian systems because they preserve the geometric structure of the Hamiltonian flow. However, this desirable property is generally lost when adaptive…

Astrophysics · Physics 2025-10-20 Miguel Preto , Scott Tremaine

We developed a Keplerian-based Hamiltonian splitting for solving the gravitational $N$-body problem. This splitting allows us to approximate the solution of a general $N$-body problem by a composition of multiple, independently evolved…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2015-06-18 G. Gonçalves Ferrari , T. Boekholt , S. F. Portegies Zwart

Calculating the long term solution of ordinary differential equations, such as those of the $N$-body problem, is central to understanding a wide range of dynamics in astrophysics, from galaxy formation to planetary chaos. Because generally…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2018-01-23 David M. Hernandez , Edmund Bertschinger

We present a simple algorithm to switch between $N$-body time integrators in a reversible way. We apply it to planetary systems undergoing arbitrarily close encounters and highly eccentric orbits, but the potential applications are broader.…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2023-03-08 David M. Hernandez , Walter Dehnen

We present a family of modified Hermite integrators of arbitrary order possessing superior behaviour for the integration of Keplerian and near-Keplerian orbits. After recounting the derivation of Hermite N-body integrators of arbitrary…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2020-06-23 Alexander J. Dittmann

In this work we propose a new numerical approach to distinguish between regular and chaotic orbits in Hamiltonian systems, based on the simultaneous integration of both the orbit and the deviation vectors using a symplectic scheme, hereby…

Chaotic Dynamics · Physics 2015-03-17 Anne-Sophie Libert , Charles Hubaux , Timoteo Carletti

We suggest a numerical integration procedure for solving the equations of motion of certain classical spin systems which preserves the underlying symplectic structure of the phase space. Such symplectic integrators have been successfully…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2007-05-23 Robin Steinigeweg , Heinz-Jürgen Schmidt

Leapfrog integration has been the method of choice in N-body simulations owing to its low computational cost for a symplectic integrator with second order accuracy. We introduce a new leapfrog integrator that allows for variable timesteps…

Astrophysics · Physics 2007-05-23 Thomas Quinn , Neal Katz , Joachim Stadel , George Lake

We apply one of the exactly symplectic integrators, that we call HB15, of \cite{HB15}, along with the Kepler problem solver of \cite{WH15}, to solve planetary system $N$-body problems. We compare the method to Wisdom-Holman methods (WH) in…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2017-03-03 David M. Hernandez

Symplectic integrators are a foundation to the study of dynamical $N$-body phenomena, at scales ranging from from planetary to cosmological. These integrators preserve the Poincar\'e invariants of Hamiltonian dynamics. The $N$-body…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2019-10-09 David M. Hernandez

We present a class of symplectic integrators adapted for the integration of perturbed Hamiltonian systems of the form $H=A+\epsilon B$. We give a constructive proof that for all integer $p$, there exists an integrator with positive steps…

Astrophysics · Physics 2023-07-19 J. Laskar , P. Robutel

A Kepler solver is an analytical method used to solve a two-body problem. In this paper, we propose a new correction method by slightly modifying the Kepler solver. The only change to the analytical solutions is that the obtainment of the…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2020-06-24 Chen Deng , Xin Wu , Enwei Liang
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