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String diagrams are a graphical language used to represent processes that can be composed sequentially or in parallel, which correspond graphically to horizontal or vertical juxtaposition. In this paper we demonstrate how to compute the…

Category Theory · Mathematics 2024-04-04 Celia Rubio-Madrigal , Jules Hedges

In this paper, we extend diagrammatic reasoning in monoidal categories with algebraic operations and equations. We achieve this by considering monoidal categories that are enriched in the category of Eilenberg-Moore algebras for a monad.…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2024-01-30 Alejandro Villoria , Henning Basold , Alfons Laarman

We introduce a general diagrammatic theory of digital circuits, based on connections between monoidal categories and graph rewriting. The main achievement of the paper is conceptual, filling a foundational gap in reasoning syntactically and…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2017-03-31 Dan R. Ghica , Achim Jung , Aliaume Lopez

Applied category theory provides powerful mathematical tools for modelling processes and their composition. Symmetric monoidal categories, which involve series and parallel composition, are particularly well-suited for describing the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-13 Muhammad Hamza Waseem

This paper describes a formal proof library, developed using the Coq proof assistant, designed to assist users in writing correct diagrammatic proofs, for 1-categories. This library proposes a deep-embedded, domain-specific formal language,…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2024-03-01 Benoît Guillemet , Assia Mahboubi , Matthieu Piquerez

String diagrams are a powerful and intuitive graphical syntax, originated in the study of symmetric monoidal categories. In the last few years, they have found application in the modelling of various computational structures, in fields as…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2022-02-04 Filippo Bonchi , Fabio Gadducci , Aleks Kissinger , Pawel Sobocinski , Fabio Zanasi

We develop layered monoidal theories -- a generalisation of monoidal theories combining formal descriptions of a system at different levels of abstraction. Via their representation as string diagrams, monoidal theories provide a graphical…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Leo Lobski , Fabio Zanasi

The quantum mechanical formalism doesn't support our intuition, nor does it elucidate the key concepts that govern the behaviour of the entities that are subject to the laws of quantum physics. The arrays of complex numbers are kin to the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-05-13 Bob Coecke

This chapter provides an introduction to the use of diagrammatic language, or perhaps more accurately, diagrammatic calculus, in quantum information and quantum foundations. We illustrate the use of diagrammatic calculus in one particular…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-06-12 Bob Coecke , Ross Duncan , Aleks Kissinger , Quanlong Wang

We present a new model of computation, described in terms of monoidal categories. It conforms the Church-Turing Thesis, and captures the same computable functions as the standard models. It provides a succinct categorical interface to most…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2015-03-20 Dusko Pavlovic

We introduce an intuitive algorithmic methodology for enacting automated rewriting of string diagrams within a general double-pushout (DPO) framework, in which the sequence of rewrites is chosen in accordance with the causal structure of…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2021-05-11 Jonathan Gorard , Manojna Namuduri , Xerxes D. Arsiwalla

We propose a graphical language that accommodates two monoidal structures: a multiplicative one for pairing and an additional one for branching. In this colored PROP, whether wires in parallel are linked through the multiplicative structure…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2025-12-29 Kostia Chardonnet , Marc de Visme , Benoît Valiron , Renaud Vilmart

We present ViCAR, a library for working with monoidal categories in the Coq proof assistant. ViCAR provides definitions for categorical structures that users can instantiate with their own verification projects. Upon verifying relevant…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2025-09-26 Bhakti Shah , Willam Spencer , Laura Zielinski , Ben Caldwell , Adrian Lehmann , Robert Rand

A rewriting system is a set of equations over a given set of terms called rules that characterize a system of computation and is a powerful general method for providing decision procedures of equational theories, based upon the principle of…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2007-05-23 A. Heyworth , M. Johnson

We describe a mathematical framework for equational reasoning about infinite families of string diagrams which is amenable to computer automation. The framework is based on context-free families of string diagrams which we represent using…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2019-02-07 Vladimir Zamdzhiev

String diagrams are a powerful and intuitive graphical syntax for terms of symmetric monoidal categories (SMCs). They find many applications in computer science and are becoming increasingly relevant in other fields such as physics and…

Category Theory · Mathematics 2016-12-01 Filippo Bonchi , Fabio Gadducci , Aleks Kissinger , Pawel Sobocinski , Fabio Zanasi

We discuss the foundations of 2-dimensional graphical languages, with a view towards their computer implementation in a 'compiler' for monoidal categories. In particular, we discuss the close relationship between string diagrams, pasting…

Category Theory · Mathematics 2019-08-29 Jules Hedges , Jelle Herold

These are lectures notes for a mini-course given at the conference Interactions of Quantum Affine Algebras with Cluster Algebras, Current Algebras, and Categorification in June 2018. The goal is to introduce the reader to string diagram…

Representation Theory · Mathematics 2022-04-27 Alistair Savage

We present a system of equations between Clifford circuits, all derivable in the ZX-calculus, and formalised as rewrite rules in the Quantomatic proof assistant. By combining these rules with some non-trivial simplification procedures…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-01-30 Andrew Fagan , Ross Duncan

Calculi of string diagrams are increasingly used to present the syntax and algebraic structure of various families of circuits, including signal flow graphs, electrical circuits and quantum processes. In many such approaches, the semantic…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2017-05-30 Brendan Fong , Fabio Zanasi