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The uncertainty principle, which bounds the uncertainties involved in obtaining precise outcomes for two complementary variables defining a quantum particle, is a crucial aspect in quantum mechanics. Recently, the uncertainty principle in…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2012-04-24 Chuan-Feng Li , Jin-Shi Xu , Xiao-Ye Xu , Ke Li , Guang-Can Guo

Reliable probability estimation is of crucial importance in many real-world applications where there is inherent (aleatoric) uncertainty. Probability-estimation models are trained on observed outcomes (e.g. whether it has rained or not, or…

Heisenberg's uncertainty principle has recently led to general measurement uncertainty relations for quantum systems: incompatible observables can be measured jointly or in sequence only with some unavoidable approximation, which can be…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-06-27 Alberto Barchielli , Matteo Gregoratti , Alessandro Toigo

We define a new notion of conditional belief, which plays the same role for Dempster-Shafer belief functions as conditional probability does for probability functions. Our definition is different from the standard definition given by…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2013-04-05 Ronald Fagin , Joseph Y. Halpern

Certified randomness guaranteed to be unpredictable by adversaries is central to information security. The fundamental randomness inherent in quantum physics makes certification possible from devices that are only weakly characterised, i.e.…

Subclassification estimators are one of the methods used to estimate causal effects of interest using the propensity score. This method is more stable compared to other weighting methods, such as inverse probability weighting estimators, in…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-10-22 Shunichiro Orihara , Tomotaka Momozaki

Several different uncertain inference systems (UISs) have been developed for representing uncertainty in rule-based expert systems. Some of these, such as Mycin's Certainty Factors, Prospector, and Bayes' Networks were designed as…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2013-04-15 Ben P. Wise , Max Henrion

This paper concerns the use of the expectation-maximisation (EM) algorithm for inference in partially observed diffusion processes. In this context, a well known problem is that all except a few diffusion processes lack closed-form…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2010-08-18 Jimmy Olsson , Jonas Ströjby

An elaboration of Dempster's method of constructing belief functions suggests a broadly applicable strategy for constructing lower probabilities under a variety of evidentiary constraints.

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2013-03-08 Carl G. Wagner , Bruce Tonn

We consider the problem of performing Bayesian inference in probabilistic models where observations are accompanied by uncertainty, referred to as "uncertain evidence." We explore how to interpret uncertain evidence, and by extension the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-01-27 Andreas Munk , Alexander Mead , Frank Wood

Decomposing prediction uncertainty into aleatoric (irreducible) and epistemic (reducible) components is critical for the reliable deployment of machine learning systems. While the mutual information between the response variable and model…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-02-10 Anchit Jain , Stephen Bates

Transfer entropy is capable of capturing nonlinear source-destination relations between multi-variate time series. It is a measure of association between source data that are transformed into destination data via a set of linear…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2019-05-28 David Sigtermans

We first discuss certain problems with the classical probabilistic approach for assessing forensic evidence, in particular its inability to distinguish between lack of belief and disbelief, and its inability to model complete ignorance…

Probability · Mathematics 2017-02-02 Timber Kerkvliet , Ronald Meester

Existing training criteria in automatic speech recognition(ASR) permit the model to freely explore more than one time alignments between the feature and label sequences. In this paper, we use entropy to measure a model's uncertainty, i.e.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-12-26 Ehsan Variani , Ke Wu , David Rybach , Cyril Allauzen , Michael Riley

The Principle of Maximum Entropy is a rigorous technique for estimating an unknown distribution given partial information while simultaneously minimizing bias. However, an important requirement for applying the principle is that the…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Kenneth Bogert , Matthew Kothe

In this note we generalize entropy based on the quantum mechanical probability density distribution. Motivated by J. Munkhammar and the uncertainty of entropy we modified the origin wave function of the test particle. The corrected one…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2010-08-27 Bin Liu , Yun-Chuan Dai , Xian-Ru Hu , Jian-Bo Deng

How to properly fuse information from complex sources is still an open problem. Lots of methods have been put forward to provide a effective solution in fusing intricate information. Among them, Dempster-Shafer evidences theory (DSET) is…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-01-14 Yuanpeng He

This paper is a review of a particular approach to the method of maximum entropy as a general framework for inference. The discussion emphasizes the pragmatic elements in the derivation. An epistemic notion of information is defined in…

Data Analysis, Statistics and Probability · Physics 2021-08-04 Ariel Caticha

Complex Evidence Theory (CET), an extension of the traditional D-S evidence theory, has garnered academic interest for its capacity to articulate uncertainty through Complex Basic Belief Assignment (CBBA) and to perform uncertainty…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2024-06-11 Keming Wu , Fuyuan Xiao , Yi Zhang

In a recent paper, the authors proposed a general methodology for probabilistic learning on manifolds. The method was used to generate numerical samples that are statistically consistent with an existing dataset construed as a realization…

Probability · Mathematics 2018-03-30 C. Soizea , R. Ghanem , C. Safta , X. Huan , Z. P. Vane , J. Oefelein , G. Lacaz , H. N. Najm , Q. Tang , X. Chen