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In AI, generalization refers to a model's ability to perform well on out-of-distribution data related to the given task, beyond the data it was trained on. For an AI agent to excel, it must also possess the continual learning capability,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-25 Zenglin Shi , Jing Jie , Ying Sun , Joo Hwee Lim , Mengmi Zhang

Multi-task learning (MTL) is to learn one single model that performs multiple tasks for achieving good performance on all tasks and lower cost on computation. Learning such a model requires to jointly optimize losses of a set of tasks with…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-09-25 Wei-Hong Li , Hakan Bilen

Catastrophic forgetting in neural networks is a significant problem for continual learning. A majority of the current methods replay previous data during training, which violates the constraints of an ideal continual learning system.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-02-24 Prakhar Kaushik , Alex Gain , Adam Kortylewski , Alan Yuille

In this work, we investigate how a model's tendency to broadly integrate its parametric knowledge evolves throughout pretraining, and how this behavior affects overall performance, particularly in terms of knowledge acquisition and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-13 Jiyeon Kim , Hyunji Lee , Hyowon Cho , Joel Jang , Hyeonbin Hwang , Seungpil Won , Youbin Ahn , Dohaeng Lee , Minjoon Seo

Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved exceptional capabilities in open generation across various domains, yet they encounter difficulties with tasks that require intensive knowledge. To address these challenges, methods for integrating…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-17 Fali Wang , Runxue Bao , Suhang Wang , Wenchao Yu , Yanchi Liu , Wei Cheng , Haifeng Chen

While fine-tuning is the standard for injecting factual knowledge into large language models (LLMs), the mechanisms enabling reliable fact recall via unseen queries remain poorly understood. Common two-stage training strategies, which…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Ying Zhang , Benjamin Heinzerling , Dongyuan Li , Kentaro Inui

We present a holistic framework for Continual Model Merging (CMM) that intervenes at three critical stages: pre-merging, during merging, and post-merging-to address two fundamental challenges in continual learning. In particular,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-23 Hoang Phan , Sungmin Cha , Tung Lam Tran , Qi Lei

To uncover the mechanisms underlying the collaborative production of knowledge, we investigate a very large online Question and Answer system that includes the question asking and answering activities of millions of users over five years.…

Physics and Society · Physics 2015-11-25 Lingfei Wu , Marco A. Janssen

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities across a wide range of tasks, yet they also exhibit memorization of their training data. This phenomenon raises critical questions about model behavior, privacy risks,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-15 Alexander Xiong , Xuandong Zhao , Aneesh Pappu , Dawn Song

Graph data in real-world scenarios undergo rapid and frequent changes, making it challenging for existing graph models to effectively handle the continuous influx of new data and accommodate data withdrawal requests. The approach to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Jiaxing Miao , Liang Hu , Qi Zhang , Longbing Cao

Continual Machine Reading Comprehension aims to incrementally learn from a continuous data stream across time without access the previous seen data, which is crucial for the development of real-world MRC systems. However, it is a great…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-08-11 Zhijing Wu , Hua Xu , Jingliang Fang , Kai Gao

Continual learning on sequential data is critical for many machine learning (ML) deployments. Unfortunately, LSTM networks, which are commonly used to learn on sequential data, suffer from catastrophic forgetting and are limited in their…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-30 Ketaki Joshi , Raghavendra Pradyumna Pothukuchi , Andre Wibisono , Abhishek Bhattacharjee

Large language models (LLMs) can adapt to new tasks via in-context learning (ICL) without parameter updates, making them powerful learning engines for fast adaptation. While extensive research has examined ICL as a few-shot learner, whether…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Liuwang Kang , Fan Wang , Shaoshan Liu , Hung-Chyun Chou , Chuan Lin , Ning Ding

Interactions are central to intelligent reasoning and learning abilities, with the interpretation of abstract knowledge guiding meaningful interaction with objects in the environment. While humans readily adapt to novel situations by…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Arun Kumar , Paul Schrater

Continual learning refers to the ability to acquire and transfer knowledge without catastrophically forgetting what was previously learned. In this work, we consider \emph{few-shot} continual learning in classification tasks, and we propose…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-02-18 Mengmi Zhang , Tao Wang , Joo Hwee Lim , Gabriel Kreiman , Jiashi Feng

Task-incremental learning involves the challenging problem of learning new tasks continually, without forgetting past knowledge. Many approaches address the problem by expanding the structure of a shared neural network as tasks arrive, but…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-11-24 Azhar Shaikh , Nishant Sinha

One major obstacle towards AI is the poor ability of models to solve new problems quicker, and without forgetting previously acquired knowledge. To better understand this issue, we study the problem of continual learning, where the model…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-09-14 David Lopez-Paz , Marc'Aurelio Ranzato

The ability of machine learning systems to learn continually is hindered by catastrophic forgetting, the tendency of neural networks to overwrite previously acquired knowledge when learning a new task. Existing methods mitigate this problem…

Large Language Models (LLMs) exhibit strong general language capabilities. However, fine-tuning these models on domain-specific tasks often leads to catastrophic forgetting, where the model overwrites or loses essential knowledge acquired…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-18 Shezheng Song , Hao Xu , Jun Ma , Shasha Li , Long Peng , Qian Wan , Xiaodong Liu , Jie Yu

We propose a Bayesian neural network-based continual learning algorithm using Variational Inference, aiming to overcome several drawbacks of existing methods. Specifically, in continual learning scenarios, storing network parameters at each…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-22 Sanchar Palit , Biplab Banerjee , Subhasis Chaudhuri