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Continual learning consists of algorithms that learn from a stream of data/tasks continuously and adaptively thought time, enabling the incremental development of ever more complex knowledge and skills. The lack of consensus in evaluating…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-11-01 Natalia Díaz-Rodríguez , Vincenzo Lomonaco , David Filliat , Davide Maltoni

Incremental learning is the ability of systems to acquire knowledge over time, enabling their adaptation and generalization to novel tasks. It is a critical ability for intelligent, real-world systems, especially when data changes…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Mladjan Jovanovic , Peter Voss

Continual learning and machine unlearning are crucial challenges in machine learning, typically addressed separately. Continual learning focuses on adapting to new knowledge while preserving past information, whereas unlearning involves…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-30 Romit Chatterjee , Vikram Chundawat , Ayush Tarun , Ankur Mali , Murari Mandal

In order to mimic the human ability of continual acquisition and transfer of knowledge across various tasks, a learning system needs the capability for continual learning, effectively utilizing the previously acquired skills. As such, the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-08-02 Dan Teng , Sakyasingha Dasgupta

While humans excel at continual learning (CL), deep neural networks (DNNs) exhibit catastrophic forgetting. A salient feature of the brain that allows effective CL is that it utilizes multiple modalities for learning and inference, which is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-07 Fahad Sarfraz , Bahram Zonooz , Elahe Arani

Continual Learning (CL) aims to enable models to continuously acquire new knowledge from a sequence of tasks with avoiding the forgetting of learned information. However, existing CL methods only rely on the parameters of the most recent…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-24 Haomiao Qiu , Miao Zhang , Ziyue Qiao , Liqiang Nie

Humans are capable of acquiring new knowledge and transferring learned knowledge into different domains, incurring a small forgetting. The same ability, called Continual Learning, is challenging to achieve when operating with neural…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-24 Jary Pomponi , Alessio Devoto , Simone Scardapane

Class-incremental continual learning is a core step towards developing artificial intelligence systems that can continuously adapt to changes in the environment by learning new concepts without forgetting those previously learned. This is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-07 Evelyn Chee , Mong Li Lee , Wynne Hsu

Large Language Models (LMs) are known to encode world knowledge in their parameters as they pretrain on a vast amount of web corpus, which is often utilized for performing knowledge-dependent downstream tasks such as question answering,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-05-25 Joel Jang , Seonghyeon Ye , Sohee Yang , Joongbo Shin , Janghoon Han , Gyeonghun Kim , Stanley Jungkyu Choi , Minjoon Seo

Continual learning (CL) aims to enable learning systems to acquire new knowledge constantly without forgetting previously learned information. CL faces the challenge of mitigating catastrophic forgetting while maintaining interpretability…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-04-01 Lu Yu , Haoyu Han , Zhe Tao , Hantao Yao , Changsheng Xu

Humans can learn in a continuous manner. Old rarely utilized knowledge can be overwritten by new incoming information while important, frequently used knowledge is prevented from being erased. In artificial learning systems, lifelong…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-10-08 Rahaf Aljundi , Francesca Babiloni , Mohamed Elhoseiny , Marcus Rohrbach , Tinne Tuytelaars

Large Language Models (LLMs) are often evaluated against ideals of perfect Bayesian inference, yet growing evidence suggests that their in-context reasoning exhibits systematic forgetting of past information. Rather than viewing this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-08 Alexandros Christoforos

One of the major limitations of deep learning models is that they face catastrophic forgetting in an incremental learning scenario. There have been several approaches proposed to tackle the problem of incremental learning. Most of these…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-02-04 Vinod K Kurmi , Badri N. Patro , Venkatesh K. Subramanian , Vinay P. Namboodiri

Catastrophic forgetting is not an engineering failure. It is a mathematical consequence of storing knowledge as global parameter superposition. Existing methods, such as regularization, replay, and frozen subnetworks, add external…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-09 Radu Negulescu

Lifelong learning can be viewed as a continuous transfer learning procedure over consecutive tasks, where learning a given task depends on accumulated knowledge --- the so-called knowledge base. Most published work on lifelong learning…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-10-30 Changjian Shui , Ihsen Hedhli , Christian Gagné

Continual Learning (CL) is a field dedicated to devise algorithms able to achieve lifelong learning. Overcoming the knowledge disruption of previously acquired concepts, a drawback affecting deep learning models and that goes by the name of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-01-04 Francesco Pelosin

Continual learning (CL) is a setting in which an agent has to learn from an incoming stream of data sequentially. CL performance evaluates the model's ability to continually learn and solve new problems with incremental available…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-05-04 Josh Andle , Salimeh Yasaei Sekeh

The ability to learn different tasks sequentially is essential to the development of artificial intelligence. In general, neural networks lack this capability, the major obstacle being catastrophic forgetting. It occurs when the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-22 Kaustubh Olpadkar , Ekta Gavas

Catastrophic forgetting is a significant challenge in continual learning, in which a model loses prior knowledge when it is fine-tuned on new tasks. This problem is particularly critical for large language models (LLMs) undergoing continual…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Ege Süalp , Mina Rezaei

Despite advances in deep learning, neural networks can only learn multiple tasks when trained on them jointly. When tasks arrive sequentially, they lose performance on previously learnt tasks. This phenomenon called catastrophic forgetting…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-05-29 Nitin Kamra , Umang Gupta , Yan Liu