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Electromagnetic theory is central to physics. An undergraduate major in physics typically takes a semester or a year of electromagnetic theory as a junior or senior, and a graduate student in physics typically takes an additional semester…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2024-07-19 Scott N. Walck

Maxwell's equations and the Dirac equation are the first-order differential relativistic wave equation for electromagnetic waves and electronic waves respectively. Hence, there is a notable similarity between these two wave equations, which…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-08-04 Mingjie Li , S. A. R. Horsley

The integral formulation of Maxwell's equations expressed in terms of an arbitrary observer family in a curved spacetime is developed and used to clarify the meaning of the lines of force associated with observer-dependent electric and…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2009-10-31 D. Bini , C. Germani , R. T. Jantzen

We present a small computer algebra program for use in Maxwell's theory. The Maxwell equations and the energy-momentum current of the electromagnetic field are formulated in the language of exterior differential forms. The corresponding…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2016-08-31 R. A. Puntigam , E. Schrüfer , F. W. Hehl

Can quantum computers effectively simulate the propagation and scattering of electromagnetic waves in a classical plasma? This chapter introduces some of the basic concepts in mathematics and physics essential to answering that question.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-30 Abhay K. Ram , Efstratios Koukoutsis , George Vahala , Kyriakos Hizanidis

A thorough discussion and development of the calculus of real-valued functions of complex-valued vectors is given using the framework of the Wirtinger Calculus. The presented material is suitable for exposition in an introductory Electrical…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2009-06-29 Ken Kreutz-Delgado

The Doppler effect has many applications in science and engineering fields. Although the format of the classical Doppler effect equation is simple, the derivation for the equation in physics textbooks is not intuitive to many students. This…

Physics Education · Physics 2025-11-04 Hangtian Lei

We show that Maxwell's electrodynamics in vacuum is invariant under active transformations of the metric. These metrics are related by disformal mappings induced by derivatives of the gauge vector $A_{\mu}$ such that the gauge symmetry is…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2013-07-17 E. Goulart , F. T. Falciano

Instruction in quantum mechanics is becoming increasingly important as the field is not only a key part of modern physics research, but is also important for emerging technologies. However, many students regard quantum mechanics as a…

Physics Education · Physics 2025-02-04 Victoria Borish , H. J. Lewandowski

The quantum theory of relativistic particles, based on the first quantization technique similar to that used by Schroedinger and Dirac in formulating quantum mechanics, is reconsidered on the basis of a photon-like dispersion relation…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-27 Boris Chichkov

We describe the development of a junior-senior level course for Physics majors designed to teach Mathematica skills in support of their undergraduate coursework, but also to introduce students to modern research level results. Standard…

Physics Education · Physics 2007-12-17 R. W. Robinett

The Maxwell's electromagnetic equations are isomorphic to the motion equation of a linear elastic continuum which is hard to compression though liable to shear deformation. The Coulomb gauge expresses the medium incompressibility. The…

General Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 V. P. Dmitriyev

Much effort and research has been invested into understanding and bridging the gaps which many students experience in terms of contents and expectations as they begin university studies with a heavy component of mathematics, typically in…

History and Overview · Mathematics 2014-03-12 Carl Winsløw , Niels Grønbæk

The generalized Maxwell equations with arbitrary gauge parameter are considered in the $11\times 11$-matrix form. The gauge invariance of such a model is broken due to the presence of a scalar field. The canonical and symmetrical Belinfante…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2012-02-22 S. I. Kruglov

A method is presented which allows the exact construction of conserved (i.e. divergence-free) current vectors from appropriate sets of multipole moments. Physically, such objects may be taken to represent the flux of particles or electric…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2008-11-26 Abraham I. Harte

In Physics, we are generally interested in real solutions involving natural phenomena, where knowledge of real functions of real variables is sufficient to obtain physically relevant results. However, the complexity of phenomena associated…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2023-10-24 José Moreira de Sousa

Working with letters that represent unknown constants, i.e., parameters, has been historically challenging for students. This is an important skill for their success in many future quantitative settings, and yet it appears this topic is…

History and Overview · Mathematics 2025-10-02 Juliana Belding , Keaton Quinn

Continuum equations are ubiquitous in physical modelling of elastic, viscous, and viscoelastic systems. The equations of continuum mechanics take nontrivial forms on curved surfaces. Although the curved surface formulation of the continuum…

Classical Physics · Physics 2024-07-30 Sujit Kumar Nath

An Electrodynamics solver for moving sources is introduced. The main challenges and formulation are highlighted. The solver enables the simulation of fields for sources undergoing arbitrary motion. Two examples of uniformly moving current…

Computational Physics · Physics 2022-12-13 Sameh Y. Elnaggar , Yahia. M. M. Antar

It has been known for a long time that the presence of torsion is in conflict with gauge invariance of the the electromagnetic field in curved Riemann-Cartan space if the Maxwell field is minimally coupled to the curved gravitational space…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2017-01-31 H. T. Nieh