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There is an interpretation of open string field theory in algebraic topology. An interpretation of closed string field theory can be deduced from this open string theory to obtain as well the interpretation of open and closed string field…
In this paper, we define some polynomial invariants for virtual knots and links. In the first part we use Manturov's parity axioms to obtain a new polynomial invariant of virtual knots. This invariant can be regarded as a generalization of…
A formal theory based on a binary operator of directional associative relation is constructed in the article and an understanding of an associative normal form of image constructions is introduced. A model of a commutative semigroup, which…
In this paper we are interested in the motion of a ball inside a billiard table bounded by a particular smooth curve. This table belongs to a family of billiards which can all be drawn by a common process: the so-called gardener's string…
We study the spaces of stable real and quaternionic vector bundles on a real algebraic curve. The basic relationship is established with unitary representations of an extension Z/2 by the fundamental group. By comparison with the space of…
We introduce a new equivalence relation on decorated ribbon graphs, and show that its equivalence classes directly correspond to virtual links. We demonstrate how this correspondence can be used to convert any invariant of virtual links…
In this paper we define and give examples of a family of polynomial invariants of virtual knots and links. They arise by considering certain 2$\times$2 matrices with entries in a possibly non-commutative ring, for example the quaternions.…
Inspired by the intimate relationship between Voiculescu's noncommutative probability theory (of type A) and large-N matrix models in physics, we look for physical models related to noncommutative probability theory of type B. These turn…
We propose a transition-based bubble parser to perform coordination structure identification and dependency-based syntactic analysis simultaneously. Bubble representations were proposed in the formal linguistics literature decades ago; they…
Biquandle brackets define invariants of classical and virtual knots and links using skein invariants of biquandle-colored knots and links. Biquandle coloring quivers categorify the biquandle counting invariant in the sense of defining…
We generalize the classical probability frame by adopting a wider family of random variables that includes nondeterministic ones. The frame that emerges is known to host a ''classical'' extension of quantum mechanics. We discuss the notion…
We introduce the multiplexing of a crossing, replacing a classical crossing of a virtual link diagram with multiple crossings which is a mixture of classical and virtual. For integers $m_{i}$ $(i=1,\ldots,n)$ and an ordered $n$-component…
Cosmic strings provide a radically different paradigm for the formation of structure to the prevailing inflationary one. They afford some extra technical complications: for example, the calculation of the power spectrum of matter and…
The bounce spectrum of a polygonal billiard table is the collection of all bi-infinite sequences of edge labels corresponding to billiard trajectories on the table. We give methods for reconstructing from the bounce spectrum of a polygonal…
The aim of these lectures is to give an introduction to several topics which lie at the intersection of string theory, gravity theory and gravity phenomenology. One successively reviews: (i) the "membrane" approach to the dissipative…
Twisted links are a generalization of virtual links. As virtual links correspond to abstract links on orientable surfaces, twisted links correspond to abstract links on (possibly non-orientable) surfaces. In this paper, we introduce the…
We develop a theory of smooth relative connections over the real path algebra $\mathbb{R}Q$ on smooth twisted quiver bundles. We give obstructions to the existence of a smooth relative connection on twisted quiver bundles. For tree-type…
This paper employs various computational techniques to determine the bridge numbers of both classical and virtual knots. For classical knots, there is no ambiguity of what the bridge number means. For virtual knots, there are multiple…
The virtual cohomology of an orbifold is a ring structure on the cohomology of the inertia orbifold whose product is defined via the pull-push formalism and the Euler class of the excess intersection bundle. In this paper we calculate the…
Biquandles and multiple conjugation biquandles are algebras which are related to links and handlebody-links in $3$-space. Cocycles of them can be used to construct state-sum type invariants of links and handlebody-links. In this paper we…