Related papers: Complexity of Problems of Commutative Grammars
We introduce a normal form for context-free grammars, called Dyck normal form. This is a syntactical restriction of the Chomsky normal form, in which the two nonterminals occurring on the right-hand side of a rule are paired nonterminals.…
In 2018, it was shown that all finitely generated virtually Abelian groups have multiple context-free word problems, and it is still an open problem as to where to precisely place the word problems of hyperbolic groups in the formal…
We propose a scalable framework for deciding, proving, and explaining (in-)equivalence of context-free grammars. We present an implementation of the framework and evaluate it on large data sets collected within educational support systems.…
We study regular expressions that use variables, or parameters, which are interpreted as alphabet letters. We consider two classes of languages denoted by such expressions: under the possibility semantics, a word belongs to the language if…
Systems now exist which are able to compile unification grammars into language models that can be included in a speech recognizer, but it is so far unclear whether non-trivial linguistically principled grammars can be used for this purpose.…
This paper introduces derivation trees for general grammars. Within these trees, it defines context-dependent pairs of nodes, corresponding to rewriting two neighboring symbols using a non context-free rule. It proves that the language…
We investigate the properties of formal languages expressible in terms of formulas over quantifier-free theories of word equations, arithmetic over length constraints, and language membership predicates for the classes of regular, visibly…
We study algorithmic complexity and expressive power of fusion grammars, a novel formalism introduced in [Kreowski, Kuske, and Lye 2017], which extends hyperedge replacement grammars. In the first part of the work, we prove that the…
For every fixed class of regular languages, there is a natural hierarchy of increasingly more general problems: Firstly, the membership problem asks whether a given language belongs to the fixed class of languages. Secondly, the separation…
In this paper we consider the problem of context-free grammars comparison from the analysis point of view. We show that the problem can be reduced to numerical solution of systems of nonlinear matrix equations. The approach presented here…
We show a new and constructive proof of the following language-theoretic result: for every context-free language L, there is a bounded context-free language L' included in L which has the same Parikh (commutative) image as L. Bounded…
In this paper we have defined the language theoretical properties of Parallel languages and series parallel languages. Parallel languages and Series parallel languages play vital roles in parallel processing and many applications in…
We consider variations on the following problem: given an NFA M and a pattern p, does there exist an x in L(M) such that p matches x? We consider the restricted problem where M only accepts a finite language. We also consider the variation…
A prefix grammar is a context-free grammar whose nonterminals generate prefix-free languages. A prefix grammar $G$ is an ordinal grammar if the language $L(G)$ is well-ordered with respect to the lexicographic ordering. It is known that…
This paper presents a restricted form of linear indexed grammars, called even linear indexed grammars, which yield the even linear indexed languages. These languages properly contain the context-free languages and are contained in the set…
Recently researchers working in the LFG framework have proposed algorithms for taking advantage of the implicit context-free components of a unification grammar [Maxwell 96]. This paper clarifies the mathematical foundations of these…
It is well-known that: (i) every context-free language over a singleton terminal alphabet is regular, and (ii) the class of languages that satisfy the Pumping Lemma is a proper super-class of the context-free languages. We show that any…
We aim at enforcing hard constraints to impose a global structure on sequences generated from Markov models. In this report, we study the complexity of sampling Markov sequences under two classes of constraints: Binary Equalities and…
We show that the Parikh image of the language of an NFA with n states over an alphabet of size k can be described as a finite union of linear sets with at most k generators and total size 2^{O(k^2 log n)}, i.e., polynomial for all fixed k…
Context-Free Grammars (CFGs) and Parsing Expression Grammars (PEGs) have several similarities and a few differences in both their syntax and semantics, but they are usually presented through formalisms that hinder a proper comparison. In…