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The issue of internal fragmentation in data structures is a fundamental challenge in database design. A seminal result of Yao in this field shows that evenly splitting the leaves of a B-tree against a workload of uniformly random insertions…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2026-03-13 Michael A. Bender , Aaron Bernstein , Nairen Cao , Alex Conway , Martín Farach-Colton , Hanna Komlós , Yarin Shechter , Nicole Wein

We define simple variants of zip trees, called zip-zip trees, which provide several advantages over zip trees, including overcoming a bias that favors smaller keys over larger ones. We analyze zip-zip trees theoretically and empirically,…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2025-02-11 Ofek Gila , Michael T. Goodrich , Robert E. Tarjan

Performance predictability is critical for modern DBMSs because index maintenance can trigger rare but severe I/O spikes. In a B or B+-tree with height H, node split propagation means the cost of a single insert can vary from H + 1 to 3H +…

Databases · Computer Science 2026-03-06 Lu Xing , Walid G. Aref

Modern databases use dynamic search structures that store an enormous amount of data, and often serve them using multi-threaded algorithms to support the ever-increasing throughput needs. When this throughput need exceeds the capacity of…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Raaghav Ravishankar , Sandeep Kulkarni , Sathya Peri , Gokarna Sharma

Computing an optimal classification tree that provably maximizes training performance within a given size limit, is NP-hard, and in practice, most state-of-the-art methods do not scale beyond computing optimal trees of depth three.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-15 Catalin E. Brita , Jacobus G. M. van der Linden , Emir Demirović

We present a scalable approach for range and $k$ nearest neighbor queries under computationally expensive metrics, like the continuous Fr\'echet distance on trajectory data. Based on clustering for metric indexes, we obtain a dynamic tree…

Computational Geometry · Computer Science 2021-12-14 Joachim Gudmundsson , Michael Horton , John Pfeifer , Martin P. Seybold

To maximize the performance of concurrent data structures, researchers have often turned to highly complex fine-grained techniques, resulting in efficient and elegant algorithms, which can however be often difficult to understand and prove…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2022-12-21 Trevor Brown , William Sigouin , Dan Alistarh

We propose a robust index for semi-structured hierarchical data that supports content-and-structure (CAS) queries specified by path and value predicates. At the heart of our approach is a novel dynamic interleaving scheme that merges the…

Databases · Computer Science 2020-06-11 Kevin Wellenzohn , Michael H. Böhlen , Sven Helmer

For text retrieval systems, the assumption that all data structures reside in main memory is increasingly common. In this context, we present a novel incremental inverted indexing algorithm for web-scale collections that directly constructs…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2013-05-06 Nima Asadi , Jimmy Lin

We present an optimal partially-persistent external-memory search tree with amortized I/O bounds matching those achieved by the non-persistent $B^{\varepsilon}$-tree by Brodal and Fagerberg [SODA 2003]. In a partially-persistent data…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2025-03-12 Gerth Stølting Brodal , Casper Moldrup Rysgaard , Rolf Svenning

Various modifications of decision trees have been extensively used during the past years due to their high efficiency and interpretability. Tree node splitting based on relevant feature selection is a key step of decision tree learning, at…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-09-05 Dmitry Ignatov , Andrey Ignatov

Updating and querying on a range is a classical algorithmic problem with a multitude of applications. The Segment Tree data structure is particularly notable in handling the range query and update operations. A Segment Tree divides the…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2020-12-08 Nabil Ibtehaz , M. Kaykobad , M. Sohel Rahman

Corporations today collect data at an unprecedented and accelerating scale, making the need to run queries on large datasets increasingly important. Technologies such as columnar block-based data organization and compression have become…

Motivated by an application in computational topology, we consider a novel variant of the problem of efficiently maintaining dynamic rooted trees. This variant requires merging two paths in a single operation. In contrast to the standard…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2007-11-13 Loukas Georgiadis , Haim Kaplan , Nira Shafrir , Robert E. Tarjan , Renato F. Werneck

The "ordered set" abstract data type with operations "insert", "erase", "find", "min", "max", "next" and "prev" is ubiquitous in computer science. It is usually implemented with red-black trees, $B$-trees, or $B^+$-trees. We present our…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2025-06-18 Viktor Krapivensky

Although deep learning has demonstrated remarkable capability in learning from unstructured data, modern tree-based ensemble models remain superior in extracting relevant information and learning from structured datasets. While several…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-05 Yi-Chun Liao , Chieh-Lin Tsai , Yuan-Hao Chang , Camélia Slimani , Jalil Boukhobza , Tei-Wei Kuo

We design the first learned index that solves the dictionary problem with time and space complexity provably better than classic data structures for hierarchical memories, such as B-trees, and modern learned indexes. We call our solution…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2019-03-12 Giorgio Vinciguerra , Paolo Ferragina , Michele Miccinesi

Given the increasing interest in interpretable machine learning, classification trees have again attracted the attention of the scientific community because of their glass-box structure. These models are usually built using greedy…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-16 Tommaso Aldinucci

Suffix trees are one of the most versatile data structures in stringology, with many applications in bioinformatics. Their main drawback is their size, which can be tens of times larger than the input sequence. Much effort has been put into…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2017-12-18 Andrea Farruggia , Travis Gagie , Gonzalo Navarro , Simon J. Puglisi , Jouni Sirén

Indexing intervals is a fundamental problem, finding a wide range of applications. Recent work on managing large collections of intervals in main memory focused on overlap joins and temporal aggregation problems. In this paper, we propose…

Databases · Computer Science 2022-03-08 George Christodoulou , Panagiotis Bouros , Nikos Mamoulis