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Textbook quantum mechanics treats time as a classical parameter, and not as a quantum observable with an associated Hermitian operator. For this reason, to make sense of usual time-energy uncertainty relations such as $\Delta {t}\Delta…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-12-08 Matteo Fadel , Lorenzo Maccone

Contrary to general relativity, quantum theory treats space and time in fundamentally different ways. In particular, while joint probabilities associated with spacelike separated measurements are defined in terms of the Born rule, joint…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-13 James Fullwood , Zhihao Ma , Zhen Wu

Several conceptual aspects of quantum gravity are studied on the example of the homogeneous isotropic LQC model. In particular: $(i)$ The proper time of the co-moving observers is showed to be a quantum operator {and} a quantum spacetime…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2009-01-27 Wojciech Kaminski , Jerzy Lewandowski , Tomasz Pawlowski

The notion of equality between two observables will play many important roles in foundations of quantum theory. However, the standard probabilistic interpretation based on the conventional Born formula does not give the probability of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-06-04 Masanao Ozawa

Uncertainty principle is one of the cornerstones of quantum theory. In the literature, there are two types of uncertainty relations, the operator form concerning the variances of physical observables and the entropy form related to entropic…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-09-18 Jun-Li Li , Cong-Feng Qiao

Formalisms for higher order quantum processes provide a theoretical formalisation of quantum processes where the order of agents' operations need not be definite and acyclic, but may be subject to quantum superpositions. This has led to the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-08-07 Matthias Salzger , V. Vilasini

The principle of relativity is extended to accommodate finite-mass observers with quantum properties by introducing two operational requirements: (i) equivalence of observers at the level of transition amplitudes, and (ii) the impossibility…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-05 Juanca Carrasco-Martinez

More than a century after the inception of quantum theory, the question of which traits and phenomena are fundamentally quantum remains under debate. Here we give an answer to this question for temporal processes which are probed…

The concept of correlation appears straightforward: measurement outcomes coincide, and patterns emerge. For any record of events, the coefficients are uniquely determined. Thus, if correlations change spontaneously, as seen in quantum…

General Physics · Physics 2025-12-22 Ghenadie N. Mardari

The application of principles of Quantum Mechanics in areas outside of physics has been getting increasing attention in the scientific community in an emergent discipline called Quantum Cognition. These principles have been applied to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-06-20 Catarina Moreira , Andreas Wichert

The quantum mechanical commutation relations, which are directly related to the Heisenberg uncertainty principle, have a crucial importance for understanding the quantum mechanics of students. During undergraduate level courses, the…

Physics Education · Physics 2018-04-10 A. Alper Billur , Serkan Akkoyun , Murat Bursal

We present a theory of "quantum references", similar to lenses in classical functional programming, that allow to point to a subsystem of a larger quantum system, and to mutate/measure that part. Mutable classical variables, quantum…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2024-07-08 Dominique Unruh

We develop a behavioral theory for the untyped call-by-value lambda calculus extended with the delimited-control operators shift and reset. For this calculus, we discuss the possible observable behaviors and we define an applicative…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2012-01-05 Dariusz Biernacki , Serguei Lenglet

The description of relativistic effects requires a preliminary definition of events localised in space-time while the clocks used for time definition and the fields used in synchronisation or localisation procedures are necessarily quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-02-27 Marc-Thierry Jaekel , Serge Reynaud

Process equivalences are formal methods that relate programs and system which, informally, behave in the same way. Since there is no unique notion of what it means for two dynamic systems to display the same behaviour there are a multitude…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2012-10-10 Martin Lange , Etienne Lozes , Manuel Vargas Guzmán

The quantum switch, the canonical example of a process with indefinite causal order, has been claimed to provide various advantages over processes with definite causal orders for some particular tasks in the field of quantum metrology. In…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-06-27 Raphaël Mothe , Cyril Branciard , Alastair A. Abbott

In a conventional circuit for quantum machine learning, the quantum gates used to encode the input parameters and the variational parameters are constructed with a fixed order. The resulting output function, which can be expressed in the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-03-07 Nannan Ma , P. Z. Zhao , Jiangbin Gong

In Quantum Physics there are circumstances where the direct measurement of particular observables encounters diffculties; in some of these cases, however, its value can be evaluated, i.e. it can be inferred by measuring another observable…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-03-23 Giuseppe Nisticò , Angela Sestito

Quantum reference frame transformations have been proposed to provide a means by which to translate descriptions of quantum systems relative to each other. At present, there are several differing frameworks for describing quantum reference…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-09-29 Esteban Castro-Ruiz , Thomas D. Galley , Leon Loveridge

This work explores the connection between logical independence and the algebraic structure of quantum mechanics. Building on results by Brukner et al., it introduces the notion of \textit{onto-epistemic ignorance}: situations in which the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-07-02 Marcello Poletti