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Graph homomorphism has been studied intensively. Given an m x m symmetric matrix A, the graph homomorphism function is defined as \[Z_A (G) = \sum_{f:V->[m]} \prod_{(u,v)\in E} A_{f(u),f(v)}, \] where G = (V,E) is any undirected graph. The…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2011-10-10 Jin-Yi Cai , Xi Chen , Pinyan Lu

Graphs are important data representations for describing objects and their relationships, which appear in a wide diversity of real-world scenarios. As one of a critical problem in this area, graph generation considers learning the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-06 Xiaojie Guo , Liang Zhao

We introduce a new Steiner-type problem for directed graphs named \textsc{$q$-Root Steiner Tree}. Here one is given a directed graph $G=(V,A)$ and two subsets of its vertices, $R$ of size $q$ and $T$, and the task is to find a minimum size…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2016-04-19 Ondřej Suchý

This work studies certain aspects of graphs embedded on surfaces. Initially, a colored graph model for a map of a graph on a surface is developed. Then, a concept analogous to (and extending) planar graph is introduced in the same spirit as…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2007-05-23 Sostenes Lins

An invariant for cospectral graphs is a property shared by all cospectral graphs. In this paper, we establish three novel arithmetic invariants for cospectral graphs, revealing deep connections between spectral properties and combinatorial…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-04-15 Yizhe Ji , Quanyu Tang , Wei Wang , Hao Zhang

We consider two possible extensions of a theorem of Thomassen characterizing the graphs admitting a 2-vertex-connected orientation. First, we show that the problem of deciding whether a mixed graph has a 2-vertex-connected orientation is…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2022-03-02 Florian Hörsch , Zoltán Szigeti

Let $G$ be a simple finite connected graph. The line graph $L(G)$ of graph $G$ is the graph whose vertices are the edges of $G$, where $ef \in E(L(G))$ when $e \cap f \neq \emptyset$. Iteratively, the higher order line graphs are defined…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2024-10-08 Aryan Sanghi , Devsi Bantva , Sudebkumar Prasant Pal

A discussion given to the question of extending Khovanov homology from links to embedded graphs, by using the Kauffman topological invariant of embedded graphs by associating family of links and knots to a such graph by using some local…

Algebraic Topology · Mathematics 2013-08-13 Ahmad Zainy Al-Yasry

Graphs are ubiquitous in encoding relational information of real-world objects in many domains. Graph generation, whose purpose is to generate new graphs from a distribution similar to the observed graphs, has received increasing attention…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-08 Yanqiao Zhu , Yuanqi Du , Yinkai Wang , Yichen Xu , Jieyu Zhang , Qiang Liu , Shu Wu

Let G = (V, E) be a finite simple connected graph. We say a graph G realizes a code of the type 0^s_1 1^t_1 0^s_2 1^t_2 ... 0^s_k1^t_k if and only if G can obtained from the code by some rule. Some classes of graphs such as threshold and…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2022-11-23 Rameez Raja , Samir Ahmad Wagay

We introduce and study, for a process P delivering edges on the Cartesian product of the vertex sets of a given set of graphs, the P-product of these graphs, thereby generalizing many types of product graph. Analogous to the notion of a…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2017-02-10 Izak Broere , Johannes Heidema

Classical spectral graph theory relies on the symmetry of the adjacency and Laplacian operators, which guarantees orthogonal eigenbases and energy-preserving Fourier transforms. However, real-world networks are intrinsically directed and…

Rings and Algebras · Mathematics 2025-12-16 Chandrasekhar Gokavarapu

Dynamic graphs have emerged as an appropriate model to capture the changing nature of many modern networks, such as peer-to-peer overlays and mobile ad hoc networks. Most of the recent research on dynamic networks has only addressed the…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2011-02-02 Oksana Denysyuk , Luis Rodrigues

For a graph $G$, the $\gamma$-graph of $G$, $G(\gamma)$, is the graph whose vertices correspond to the minimum dominating sets of $G$, and where two vertices of $G(\gamma)$ are adjacent if and only if their corresponding dominating sets in…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2017-07-10 C. M. Mynhardt , L. E. Teshima

Bidirected graphs are multigraphs where every edge has an independent direction at each end. In the paper, with an arbitrary bidirected graph we associate a non-negative integral quadratic form (called the incidence form of the graph), and…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2024-07-09 Jesús Arturo Jiménez González , Andrzej Mróz

The generalized $k$-connectivity $\kappa_k(G)$ of a graph $G$ was introduced by Hager before 1985. As its a natural counterpart, we introduced the concept of generalized edge-connectivity $\lambda_k(G)$, recently. In this paper we summarize…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2015-09-01 Xueliang Li , Yaping Mao

We study the space complexity of four variants of the standard subgraph finding problem in the streaming model. Specifically, given an $n$-vertex input graph and a fixed-size pattern graph, we consider two settings: undirected simple…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Yu-Sheng Shih , Meng-Tsung Tsai , Yen-Chu Tsai , Ying-Sian Wu

In this work we establish that finite directed graphs give rise to semiflows on the power set of their nodes. We analyze the topological dynamics for semiflows on finite directed graphs by characterizing Morse decompositions, recurrence…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2020-05-29 José Ayala , Wolfgang Kliemann

In this paper, we introduce a new graph structure, called the $direct~ sum ~graph$ on a finite dimensional vector space. We investigate the connectivity, diameter and the completeness of $\Gamma_{U\oplus W}(\mathbb{V})$. Further, we find…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2023-10-03 Bilal A. Wani , Aaqib Altaf , S. Pirzada , T. A. Chishti

Graph theory provides fundamental concepts for many fields of science like statistical physics, network analysis and theoretical computer science. Here we give a pedagogical introduction to graph theory, divided into three sections. In the…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2007-05-23 Alexander K. Hartmann , Martin Weigt