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In this paper we argue that a firewall is simply a manifestation of an inconsistent truncation of non-perturbative effects that unitarize the semiclassical black hole. Namely, we show that a naive truncation of quantum corrections to the…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2016-12-21 Cristiano Germani , Debajyoti Sarkar

The black hole information paradox is a very poorly understood problem. It is often believed that Hawking's argument is not precisely formulated, and a more careful accounting of naturally occurring quantum corrections will allow the…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2011-01-26 Samir D. Mathur

Black hole complementarity, as originally formulated in the 1990's by Preskill, 't Hooft, and myself is now being challenged by the Almheiri-Marolf-Polchinski-Sully firewall argument. The AMPS argument relies on an implicit assumption---the…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2013-06-10 Leonard Susskind

The black hole firewall conjecture is based on Page curve hypothesis, which claims that entanglement between black hole and Hawking radiation is almost maximum. The hypothesis is inspired by Lubkin-Lloyd-Pagels-Page theorem for degenerate…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2015-12-23 Masahiro Hotta , Ayumu Sugita

The presumption that Hawking radiations are thermally distributed can be considered to result from their entanglement with the internal degrees of freedom for a black hole. This leads to the "firewall" paradox if unitary evolution continues…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2020-02-25 Baocheng Zhang , Li You

It has been argued that when black holes are treated as quantum systems there are implications at the horizon and not just the singularity. Infalling observers will meet a firewall of high energy quanta. We argue that the question of…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2015-06-19 Timothy J. Hollowood

The firewall was introduced into black hole evaporation scenarios as a deus ex machina designed to break entanglements and preserve unitarity (Almheiri et.al., 2013). Here we show that the firewall actually exists and does break…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2016-02-02 K. Thanjavur , W. Israel

Recently, it has been argued that black hole complementarity is inconsistent by showing that, for an infalling observer, it would lead to the existence of a firewall near the black hole horizon, thereby violating the equivalence principle.…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2012-10-24 Sabine Hossenfelder

We argue that the resolution to the black hole information paradox lies in a proper accounting of the implications of diffeomorphism invariance for the Hilbert space and observables of quantum gravity. The setting of asymptotically Anti-de…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2019-08-07 Ted Jacobson , Phuc Nguyen

At the heart of both black hole physics and Wigner's friend scenarios lies the question of unitarity. In Wigner's friend setups, sealed-lab measurements are modeled unitarily, probing the measurement problem. In black hole physics, the…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2026-02-23 Laurens Walleghem

Despite its age, quantum theory still suffers from serious conceptual difficulties. To create clarity, mathematical physicists have been attempting to formulate quantum theory geometrically and to find a rigorous method of quantization, but…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-09-28 Maik Reddiger

We use the formalisms of Holographic Space-time (HST) and Matrix Theory[11] to investigate the claim of [1] that old black holes contain a firewall, i.e. an in-falling detector encounters highly excited states at a time much shorter than…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2013-05-20 T. Banks , W. Fischler

Considering the role of black hole singularity in quantum evolution, a resolution to the firewall paradox is presented. It is emphasized that if an observer has the singularity as a part of his spacetime, then the semi-classical evolution…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2016-03-03 Furkan Semih Dündar , Kamal Hajian

Spacetime singularity has always been of interest since the proof of the Penrose-Hawking singularity theorem. Naked singularity naturally emerges from reasonable initial conditions in the collapsing process. A recent interesting approach in…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2017-06-28 Hongsheng Zhang

A proposal for resolving the black hole information paradox was recently put forward by 't Hooft in the form of his firewall transformation. Although this proposal has begun to gain some limited traction, its physical foundation is still…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2023-09-19 Nathaniel A. Strauss , Bernard F. Whiting

The black hole final state proposal reconciles the infalling vacuum with the unitarity of the Hawking radiation, but only for some experiments. We study experiments that first verify the exterior, then the interior purification of the same…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2014-03-05 Raphael Bousso , Douglas Stanford

The EPR (Einstein, Podolsky, Rosen) argument and the Schrodinger cat paradox are revisited in relation with modern quantum optics and atomic physics and with the concept of decoherence. It is shown that the questions raised fifty years ago…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Pierre Roussel

In this paper we discuss quantum computational restrictions on the types of thought experiments recently used by Almheiri, Marolf, Polchinski, and Sully to argue against the smoothness of black hole horizons. We argue that the quantum…

High Energy Physics - Theory · Physics 2015-06-12 Daniel Harlow , Patrick Hayden

We discuss how under certain conditions the black hole information puzzle and the (related) arguments that firewalls are a typical feature of black holes can break down. We first review the arguments of AMPS favoring firewalls, focusing on…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2015-06-22 Henry Stoltenberg , Andreas Albrecht

The study of entanglement and magic properties in topologically frustrated systems suggests that, in the thermodynamic limit, these quantities decompose into two distinct contributions. One is determined by the specific nature of the model…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-07 S. B. Kožić , G. Torre , K. Delić , F. Franchini , S. M. Giampaolo