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We give an effective procedure that produces a natural number in its output from any natural number in its input, that is, it computes a total function. The elementary operations of the procedure are Turing-computable. The procedure has a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2013-02-06 Kurt Ammon

In this paper we study structural properties of LV-degrees of the algebra of collections of sequences that are non-negligible in the sense that they can be computed by a probabilistic algorithm with positive probability. We construct atoms…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2021-09-10 Vladimir V. V'yugin

A set of infinite binary sequences $\mathcal{C}\subseteq2^\omega$ is negligible if there is no partial probabilistic algorithm that produces an element of this set with positive probability. The study of negligibility is of particular…

Logic · Mathematics 2017-01-31 Laurent Bienvenu , Christopher P. Porter

The program Reverse Mathematics (RM for short) seeks to identify the axioms necessary to prove theorems of ordinary mathematics, usually working in the language of second-order arithmetic $L_{2}$. A major theme in RM is therefore the study…

Logic · Mathematics 2021-08-17 Sam Sanders

Let $p$ be a fixed prime number, and $N$ be a large integer. The 'Inverse Conjecture for the Gowers norm' states that if the "$d$-th Gowers norm" of a function $f:\F_p^N \to \F_p$ is non-negligible, that is larger than a constant…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2008-10-20 Shachar Lovett , Roy Meshulam , Alex Samorodnitsky

It is well known that the R, the set of real numbers, is an abstract set, where almost all its elements cannot be described in any finite language. We investigate possible approaches to what might be called an epi-constructionist approach…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2022-07-12 Zvi Schreiber

This paper concerns algorithms that give correct answers with (asymptotic) density $1$. A dense description of a function $g : \omega \to \omega$ is a partial function $f$ on $\omega$ such that $\left\{n : f(n) = g(n)\right\}$ has density…

Logic · Mathematics 2018-11-20 Eric P. Astor , Denis R. Hirschfeldt , Carl G. Jockusch

It is known that there exist mathematical problems of practical relevance which cannot be computed on a Turing machine. An important example is the calculation of the first derivative of continuously differentiable functions. This paper…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2022-05-26 Holger Boche , Volker Pohl

We provide sufficient conditions for a set $E\subset\mathbb{R}^n$ to be a non-universal differentiability set, i.e. to be contained in the set of points of non-differentiability of a real-valued Lipschitz function. These conditions are…

Functional Analysis · Mathematics 2017-09-14 Olga Maleva , David Preiss

The Mandelbrot set is an extremely well-known mathematical object that can be described in a quite simple way but has very interesting and non-trivial properties. This paper surveys some results that are known concerning the…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2007-05-23 Petrus H. Potgieter

The classic model of computable randomness considers martingales that take real or rational values. Recent work by Bienvenu et al. (2012) and Teutsch (2014) shows that fundamental features of the classic model change when the martingales…

Logic · Mathematics 2015-04-16 Ron Peretz

Remarks on the Cantor's nondenumerability proof of 1891 that the real numbers are noncountable will be given. By the Cantor's diagonal procedure, it is not possible to build numbers that are different from all numbers in a general assumed…

General Mathematics · Mathematics 2007-05-23 Slavica Vlahovic , Branislav Vlahovic

A tree is pathwise-random if all of its paths are Martin-Lof random. We show that (a) no weakly 2-random real computes a perfect pathwise-random tree; it follows that the class of perfect pathwise-random trees is null, with respect to any…

Logic · Mathematics 2024-05-24 George Barmpalias , Wei Wang

In this survey we discuss work of Levin and V'yugin on collections of sequences that are non-negligible in the sense that they can be computed by a probabilistic algorithm with positive probability. More precisely, Levin and V'yugin…

Logic · Mathematics 2021-05-19 Rupert Hölzl , Christopher P. Porter

We show that polynomial-time randomness (p-randomness) is preserved under a variety of familiar operations, including addition and multiplication by a nonzero polynomial-time computable real number. These results follow from a general…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2012-03-01 Stephen A. Fenner

We prove, for stably computably enumerable formal systems, direct analogues of the first and second incompleteness theorems of G\"odel. A typical stably computably enumerable set is the set of Diophantine equations with no integer…

Logic · Mathematics 2024-12-19 Yasha Savelyev

The notion of Schnorr randomness refers to computable reals or computable functions. We propose a version of Schnorr randomness for subcomputable classes and characterize it in different ways: by Martin L\"of tests, martingales or measure…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2019-03-14 Claude Sureson

Machine learning researchers and practitioners steadily enlarge the multitude of successful learning models. They achieve this through in-depth theoretical analyses and experiential heuristics. However, there is no known general-purpose…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2023-10-18 Matthias C. Caro

A computable ring is a ring equipped with mechanical procedure to add and multiply elements. In most natural computable integral domains, there is a computational procedure to determine if a given element is prime/irreducible. However,…

Logic · Mathematics 2014-07-23 Leigh Evron , Joseph R. Mileti , Ethan Ratliff-Crain

Partiality is a natural phenomenon in computability that we cannot get around. So, the question is whether we can give the areas where partiality occurs, that is, where non-termination happens, more structure. In this paper we consider…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2023-11-13 Dieter Spreen