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Randomness is a fundamental feature in nature and a valuable resource for applications ranging from cryptography and gambling to numerical simulation of physical and biological systems. Random numbers, however, are difficult to characterize…

This text is an introduction to an operational outlook on Bell inequalities, which has been very fruitful in the past few years. It has lead to the recognition that Bell tests have their own place in applied quantum technologies, because…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-06-19 Valerio Scarani

We formally prove the existence of an enduring incongruence pervading a widespread interpretation of the Bell inequality and explain how to rationally avoid it with a natural assumption justified by explicit reference to a mathematical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-07-30 Justo Pastor Lambare

We demonstrate that it is possible to simulate Bell violations using probabilistic methods. A quantum state corresponding to optical experiments that violate the Bell inequality is generated, demonstrating that these quantum paradoxes can…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-04-08 Peter D. Drummond , Bogdan Opanchuk , Laura Rosales-Zárate , Margaret D. Reid

We present new bell inequalities for arbitrary dimensional bipartite quantum systems. The maximal violation of the inequalities is computed. The Bell inequality is capable of detecting quantum entanglement of both pure and mixed quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-05-27 Ming Li , Shao-Ming Fei , Xianqing Li-Jost

Bell inequalities are intended to show that local realist theories cannot describe the world. A local realist theory is one where physical properties are defined prior to and independent of measurement, and no physical influence can…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-12-01 Jan-Åke Larsson

We consider typical experiments that use Bell-inequalities to test local-realist theories of quantum mechanics and gain insight into how certain results can be obtained. We see that results against local-realism arise from some `quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-08-29 Dale Hodgson

Recent experiments to test Bell's inequality using entangled photons and ions aimed at tests of basic quantum mechanical principles. Interesting results have been obtained and many loopholes could be closed. In this paper we want to point…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-06-26 Dimitris G. Angelakis , Almut Beige , Peter L. Knight , William J. Munro , Ben Tregenna

It is well-known that the set of statistics that can be observed in a Bell-type experiment is limited by quantum theory. Unfortunately, tools are missing to identify the precise boundary of this set. Here, we propose to study the set of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-08-02 Victor Barizien , Jean-Daniel Bancal

Opto- and electromechanical systems offer an effective platform to test quantum theory and its predictions at macroscopic scales. To date, all experiments presuppose the validity of quantum mechanics, but could in principle be described by…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-02-24 Sebastian G. Hofer , Konrad W. Lehnert , Klemens Hammerer

The interpretation of the meaning of Quantum Mechanics has faced controversy since its inception. Bell's inequalities are a touchstone in this controversy. Their observed violation demonstrates that at least one of the hypotheses involved…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-27 Mónica Agüero , Juliana Bordieu , Alejandro Hnilo , Marcelo Kovalsky , Myriam Nonaka

We show that there are Bell-type inequalities for noncontextual theories that are violated by any quantum state. One of these inequalities between the correlations of compatible measurements is particularly suitable for testing this…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-07-28 Adan Cabello

Bell's theorem reveals contradictions between the predictions of quantum mechanics and the EPR postulates for a pair of particles only in situations involving imperfect statistical correlations. However, with three or more particles,…

Optics · Physics 2009-11-11 P. Hariharan , J. Samuel , Supurna Sinha

Recently Wang et al. have reported a violation of a Bell inequality without entanglement [arXiv:2507.07756]. We show that their result is an artifact of postselection. It is well known that postselection may yield Bell inequality…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-08-20 Ken Wharton , Huw Price

The experimental violation of Bell inequality establishes necessary but not sufficient conditions that any theory must obey. Namely, a theory compatible with the experimental observations can satisfy at most two of the three hypotheses at…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2012-10-22 Antonio Di Lorenzo

In the derivation of Bell's inequalities, probability distribution is supposed to be a function of only hidden variable. We point out that the true implication of the probability distribution of Bell's correlation function is the…

General Physics · Physics 2020-07-21 Hai-Long Zhao

Bell inequalities constitute a key tool in quantum information theory: they not only allow one to reveal nonlocality in composite quantum systems, but, more importantly, they can be used to certify relevant properties thereof. We provide a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-01-22 F. Baccari , R. Augusiak , I. Šupić , J. Tura , A. Acín

Some new Bell inequalities for consecutive measurements are deduced under joint realism assumption, using some perfect correlation property. No locality condition is needed. When the measured system is a macroscopic system, joint realism…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-13 Ramon Lapiedra

A simple minimalist argument is given for why some correlations between quantum systems boggle our classical intuition. The argument relies on two elementary physical assumptions, and recovers the standard experimentally-testable Bell…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-08-29 Michael J. W. Hall

The standard Bell inequality experiments test for violation of local realism by repeatedly making local measurements on individual copies of an entangled quantum state. Here we investigate the possibility of increasing the violation of a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Yeong-Cherng Liang , Andrew C. Doherty