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As generative AI models produce increasingly realistic output, both academia and industry are focusing on the ability to detect whether an output was generated by an AI model or not. Many of the research efforts and policy discourse are…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-04-21 Houssam Kherraz

Information security is a critical issue in modern society and image watermarking can effectively prevent unauthorized information access. Optical image watermarking techniques generally have advantages of parallel high-speed processing and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-09-26 Shuming Jiao , Changyuan Zhou , Yishi Shi , Wenbin Zou , Xia Li

The increasing use of the Internet of Things raises security concerns. To address this, device fingerprinting is often employed to authenticate devices, detect adversaries, and identify eavesdroppers in an environment. This requires the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-23 Justin Feng , Amirmohammad Haddad , Nader Sehatbakhsh

Modern Web APIs allow developers to provide extensively customized experiences for website visitors, but the richness of the device information they provide also make them vulnerable to being abused to construct browser fingerprints,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-03-26 Enrico Bacis , Igor Bilogrevic , Robert Busa-Fekete , Asanka Herath , Antonio Sartori , Umar Syed

Watermarking is becoming the default mechanism for AI content authentication, with governance policies and frameworks referencing it as infrastructure for content provenance. Yet across text, image, and audio modalities, watermark signal…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-04-16 Alexander Nemecek , Osama Zafar , Yuqiao Xu , Wenbiao Li , Erman Ayday

Watermarking the outputs of generative models is a crucial technique for tracing copyright and preventing potential harm from AI-generated content. In this paper, we introduce a novel technique called Tree-Ring Watermarking that robustly…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-06 Yuxin Wen , John Kirchenbauer , Jonas Geiping , Tom Goldstein

This paper introduces a novel problem, distributional information embedding, motivated by the practical demands of multi-bit watermarking for large language models (LLMs). Unlike traditional information embedding, which embeds information…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-07-03 Haiyun He , Yepeng Liu , Ziqiao Wang , Yongyi Mao , Yuheng Bu

Digital watermarking techniques are crucial for copyright protection and source identification of images, especially in the era of generative AI models. However, many existing watermarking methods, particularly content-agnostic approaches…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-06-14 Pei Yang , Hai Ci , Yiren Song , Mike Zheng Shou

Several companies have deployed watermark-based detection to identify AI-generated content. However, attribution--the ability to trace back to the user of a generative AI (GenAI) service who created a given AI-generated content--remains…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-28 Zhengyuan Jiang , Moyang Guo , Yuepeng Hu , Yupu Wang , Neil Zhenqiang Gong

Advancements in digital technologies make it easy to modify the content of digital images. Hence, ensuring digital images integrity and authenticity is necessary to protect them against various attacks that manipulate them. We present a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-02-27 Sudev Kumar Padhi , Archana Tiwari , Sk. Subidh Ali

The widely adopted and powerful generative large language models (LLMs) have raised concerns about intellectual property rights violations and the spread of machine-generated misinformation. Watermarking serves as a promising approch to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-10-28 Ruisi Zhang , Farinaz Koushanfar

Micro-blogs are contemporary broadcasting services for exchanging small elements of content, including video and images. Despite its popularity, micro-blogging is not without issues. So far, various security concerns, such as: privacy and…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2017-01-02 Georgios K. Pitsilis , Mohamed El-Hadedy

Generative models that can produce realistic images have improved significantly in recent years. The quality of the generated content has increased drastically, so sometimes it is very difficult to distinguish between the real images and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-02 Mikhail Pautov , Danil Ivanov , Andrey V. Galichin , Oleg Rogov , Ivan Oseledets

Digital watermarks can be embedded into AI-generated content (AIGC) by initializing the generation process with starting points sampled from a secret distribution. When combined with pseudorandom error-correcting codes, such watermarked…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-13 De Zhang Lee , Han Fang , Hanyi Wang , Ee-Chien Chang

Deep Neural Networks (DNNs), from AlexNet to ResNet to ChatGPT, have made revolutionary progress in recent years, and are widely used in various fields. The high performance of DNNs requires a huge amount of high-quality data, expensive…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-06-21 Yuchen Sun , Tianpeng Liu , Panhe Hu , Qing Liao , Shaojing Fu , Nenghai Yu , Deke Guo , Yongxiang Liu , Li Liu

Watermarking enables GenAI providers to verify whether content was generated by their models. A watermark is a hidden signal in the content, whose presence can be detected using a secret watermark key. A core security threat are forgery…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Toluwani Aremu , Noor Hussein , Munachiso Nwadike , Samuele Poppi , Jie Zhang , Karthik Nandakumar , Neil Gong , Nils Lukas

Many electronic content providers today like Flickr and Google, offer space to users to publish their electronic media (e.g. photos and videos) in their cloud infrastructures, so that they can be publicly accessed. Features like including…

Multimedia · Computer Science 2013-10-04 Mohamed El-Hadedy , Georgios Pitsilis , Svein J. Knapskog

With the significant advances in deep generative models for image and video synthesis, Deepfakes and manipulated media have raised severe societal concerns. Conventional machine learning classifiers for deepfake detection often fail to cope…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-10-14 Aakash Varma Nadimpalli , Ajita Rattani

Website fingerprinting attack is an extensively studied technique used in a web browser to analyze traffic patterns and thus infer confidential information about users. Several website fingerprinting attacks based on machine learning and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-02-28 Guodong Huang , Chuan Ma , Ming Ding , Yuwen Qian , Chunpeng Ge , Liming Fang , Zhe Liu

Network protocol fingerprinting is used to identify a protocol implementation by analyzing its input-output behavior. Traditionally, fingerprinting operates under a closed-world assumption, where models of all implementations are assumed to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Loes Kruger , Paul Kobialka , Andrea Pferscher , Einar Broch Johnsen , Sebastian Junges , Jurriaan Rot