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The success of Neural networks in providing miraculous results when applied to a wide variety of tasks is astonishing. Insight in the working can be obtained by studying the universal approximation property of neural networks. It is proved…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-11-17 R Subhash Chandra Bose , Kakarla Yaswanth

Is there any theoretical guarantee for the approximation ability of neural networks? The answer to this question is the "Universal Approximation Theorem for Neural Networks". This theorem states that a neural network is dense in a certain…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-02-23 Takato Nishijima

\citet{farrell2021deep} establish non-asymptotic high-probability bounds for general deep feedforward neural network (with rectified linear unit activation function) estimators, with \citet[Theorem 1]{farrell2021deep} achieving a suboptimal…

Econometrics · Economics 2025-12-11 Zhaoji Tang

We study the universality of complex-valued neural networks with bounded widths and arbitrary depths. Under mild assumptions, we give a full description of those activation functions $\varrho:\mathbb{C}\to \mathbb{C}$ that have the property…

Functional Analysis · Mathematics 2024-11-27 Paul Geuchen , Thomas Jahn , Hannes Matt

It is well-known that neural networks are universal approximators, but that deeper networks tend in practice to be more powerful than shallower ones. We shed light on this by proving that the total number of neurons $m$ required to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-04-30 David Rolnick , Max Tegmark

A general Boltzmann machine with continuous visible and discrete integer valued hidden states is introduced. Under mild assumptions about the connection matrices, the probability density function of the visible units can be solved for…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-01-29 Daniel Krefl , Stefano Carrazza , Babak Haghighat , Jens Kahlen

Deep learning employs multi-layer neural networks trained via the backpropagation algorithm. This approach has achieved success across many domains and relies on adaptive gradient methods such as the Adam optimizer. Sequence modeling…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-16 Esmail Gumaan

Deep learning has been widely applied and brought breakthroughs in speech recognition, computer vision, and many other domains. The involved deep neural network architectures and computational issues have been well studied in machine…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-07-23 Ding-Xuan Zhou

A robust theoretical framework that can describe and predict the generalization ability of deep neural networks (DNNs) in general circumstances remains elusive. Classical attempts have produced complexity metrics that rely heavily on global…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-01-20 Marelie H. Davel , Marthinus W. Theunissen , Arnold M. Pretorius , Etienne Barnard

We present transductive Boltzmann machines (TBMs), which firstly achieve transductive learning of the Gibbs distribution. While exact learning of the Gibbs distribution is impossible by the family of existing Boltzmann machines due to…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-05-22 Mahito Sugiyama , Koji Tsuda , Hiroyuki Nakahara

We algorithmically construct a two hidden layer feedforward neural network (TLFN) model with the weights fixed as the unit coordinate vectors of the $d$-dimensional Euclidean space and having $3d+2$ number of hidden neurons in total, which…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2021-01-25 Namig J. Guliyev , Vugar E. Ismailov

Deep convolutional neural networks (DCNNs) have attracted much attention recently, and have shown to be able to recognize thousands of object categories in natural image databases. Their architecture is somewhat similar to that of the human…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2016-09-13 Saeed Reza Kheradpisheh , Masoud Ghodrati , Mohammad Ganjtabesh , Timothée Masquelier

Nowadays, this is very popular to use the deep architectures in machine learning. Deep Belief Networks (DBNs) are deep architectures that use stack of Restricted Boltzmann Machines (RBM) to create a powerful generative model using training…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2016-01-07 Mohammad Ali Keyvanrad , Mohammad Mehdi Homayounpour

Adversarial attacks against machine learning models are a rather hefty obstacle to our increasing reliance on these models. Due to this, provably robust (certified) machine learning models are a major topic of interest. Lipschitz continuous…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-04-11 Jeremy E. J. Cohen , Todd Huster , Ra Cohen

We introduce a new method for training deep Boltzmann machines jointly. Prior methods of training DBMs require an initial learning pass that trains the model greedily, one layer at a time, or do not perform well on classification tasks. In…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2013-05-02 Ian J. Goodfellow , Aaron Courville , Yoshua Bengio

The approximation power of general feedforward neural networks with piecewise linear activation functions is investigated. First, lower bounds on the size of a network are established in terms of the approximation error and network depth…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-07-02 Mohammad Mehrabi , Aslan Tchamkerten , Mansoor I. Yousefi

Deep learning architectures are highly diverse. To prove their universal approximation properties, existing works typically rely on model-specific proofs. Generally, they construct a dedicated mathematical formulation for each architecture…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-12 Wei Wang

We consider deep neural networks with a Lipschitz continuous activation function and with weight matrices of variable widths. We establish a uniform convergence analysis framework in which sufficient conditions on weight matrices and bias…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-05 Yuesheng Xu , Haizhang Zhang

In this short note, we give an elementary proof of a universal approximation theorem for neural networks with three hidden layers and increasing, continuous, bounded activation function. The result is weaker than the best known results, but…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-24 Chris Monico

Developing Intelligent Systems involves artificial intelligence approaches including artificial neural networks. Here, we present a tutorial of Deep Neural Networks (DNNs), and some insights about the origin of the term "deep"; references…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2016-03-24 Juan C. Cuevas-Tello , Manuel Valenzuela-Rendon , Juan A. Nolazco-Flores