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Contextuality is a non-classical behaviour that can be exhibited by quantum systems. It is increasingly studied for its relationship to quantum-over-classical advantages in informatic tasks. To date, it has largely been studied in…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-04-20 Rui Soares Barbosa , Tom Douce , Pierre-Emmanuel Emeriau , Elham Kashefi , Shane Mansfield

We introduce a new notion, that of a contextuality profile of a system of random variables. Rather than characterizing a system's contextuality by a single number, its overall degree of contextuality, we show how it can be characterized by…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-04 Ehtibar N. Dzhafarov , Victor H. Cervantes

One can often encounter claims that classical (Kolmogorovian) probability theory cannot handle, or even is contradicted by, certain empirical findings or substantive theories. This note joins several previous attempts to explain that these…

Probability · Mathematics 2019-01-24 Ehtibar N. Dzhafarov , Maria Kon

The paper outlines a new development in the Contextuality-by-Default theory as applied to finite systems of binary random variables. The logic and principles of the original theory remain unchanged, but the definition of contextuality of a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-10-26 Ehtibar N. Dzhafarov , Janne V. Kujala

Contextuality, the impossibility of assigning a single random variable to represent the outcomes of the same measurement procedure under different experimental conditions, is a central aspect of quantum mechanics. Thus defined, it appears…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2016-02-17 J. Acacio de Barros , Gary Oas

It is well known that in quantum mechanics we cannot always define consistently properties that are context independent. Many approaches exist to describe contextual properties, such as Contextuality by Default (CbD), sheaf theory, topos…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-07-18 J. Acacio de Barros , Federico Holik , Decio Krause

Contextuality is a natural generalization of nonlocality which does not need composite systems or spacelike separation and offers a wider spectrum of interesting phenomena. Most notably, in quantum mechanics there exist scenarios where the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-03-16 Matthias Kleinmann , Costantino Budroni , Jan-Åke Larsson , Otfried Gühne , Adan Cabello

Decision making often exhibits context dependence that challenges classical probability theory. While quantum cognition has successfully modeled such phenomena, it remains unclear whether quantum probability is merely a convenient…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-16 Song-Ju Kim

Quantum mechanics provides a statistical description about nature, and thus would be incomplete if its statistical predictions could not be accounted for by some realistic models with hidden variables. There are, however, two powerful…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2012-10-04 Xi Kong , Mingjun Shi , Fazhan Shi , Pengfei Wang , Pu Huang , Qi Zhang , Chenyong Ju , Changkui Duan , Sixia Yu , Jiangfeng Du

A generalisation of quantum contextuality to the case of many indentical particles is presented. The model consists of a finite collection of modes that can be occupied by N particles, either bosons or fermions. Measurement scenarios allow…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-02-01 Pawel Kurzynski

The presence of contextuality in quantum theory was first highlighted by Bell, Kochen and Specker, who discovered that for quantum systems of three or more dimensions, measurements cannot be viewed as revealing pre-existing properties of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-04-07 Andrew W. Simmons , Joel J. Wallman , Hakop Pashayan , Stephen D. Bartlett , Terry Rudolph

In the Contextuality-by-Default theory random variables representing measurement outcomes are labeled contextually, i.e., not only by what they measure but also under what conditions (in what contexts) the measurements are made, including…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-12-11 Ehtibar N. Dzhafarov

Identifying when observed statistics cannot be explained by any reasonable classical model is a central problem in quantum foundations. A principled and universally applicable approach to defining and identifying nonclassicality is given by…

The sheaf theoretic description of non-locality and contextuality by Abramsky and Brandenburger sets the ground for a topological study of these peculiar features of quantum mechanics. This viewpoint has been recently developed thanks to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-07-12 Giovanni Carù

We discuss three measures of the degree of contextuality in contextual systems of dichotomous random variables. These measures are developed within the framework of the Contextuality-by-Default (CbD) theory, and apply to inconsistently…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-10-20 Janne V. Kujala , Ehtibar N. Dzhafarov

Generalized contextuality is a possible indicator of non-classical behaviour in quantum information theory. In finite-dimensional systems, this is justified by the fact that noncontextual theories can be embedded into some simplex, i.e.…

Contextuality provides a unifying paradigm for nonclassical aspects of quantum probabilities and resources of quantum information. Unfortunately, most forms of quantum contextuality remain experimentally unexplored due to the difficulty of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-03-02 Adán Cabello

The object of contextuality analysis is a set of random variables each of which is uniquely labeled by a content and a context. In the measurement terminology, the content is that which the random variable measures, whereas the context…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-09-05 Ehtibar N. Dzhafarov

We highlight the existence of a joint probability distribution as the common underpinning assumption behind Bell-type, contextuality, and Leggett-Garg-type tests. We then present a procedure to translate contextual scenarios into temporal…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-10-13 M. Markiewicz , P. Kurzynski , J. Thompson , S. -Y. Lee , A. Soeda , T. Paterek , D. Kaszlikowski

A noncontextual system of random variables may become contextual if one adds to it a set of new variables, even if each of them is obtained by the same context-wise function of the old variables. This fact follows from the definition of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-12-22 Ehtibar N. Dzhafarov , Janne V. Kujala