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Large Language Models (LLMs) are known to have limited extrapolation ability beyond their pre-trained context window, constraining their application in downstream tasks with lengthy inputs. Recent studies have sought to extend LLMs' context…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-17 Yikai Zhang , Junlong Li , Pengfei Liu

Learned image compression methods have attracted great research interest and exhibited superior rate-distortion performance to the best classical image compression standards of the present. The entropy model plays a key role in learned…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-05-16 Jingbo Lu , Leheng Zhang , Xingyu Zhou , Mu Li , Wen Li , Shuhang Gu

There is no single universally accepted definition of "Complexity". There are several perspectives on complexity and what constitutes complex behaviour or complex systems, as opposed to regular, predictable behaviour and simple systems. In…

Data Analysis, Statistics and Probability · Physics 2018-01-17 Nithin Nagaraj , Karthi Balasubramanian

We present an algorithm which computes the Lempel-Ziv factorization of a word $W$ of length $n$ on an alphabet $\Sigma$ of size $\sigma$ online in the following sense: it reads $W$ starting from the left, and, after reading each $r =…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2012-12-03 Tatiana Starikovskaya

We consider lossless compression based on statistical data modeling followed by prediction-based encoding, where an accurate statistical model for the input data leads to substantial improvements in compression. We propose DZip, a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-09-21 Mohit Goyal , Kedar Tatwawadi , Shubham Chandak , Idoia Ochoa

When users query proprietary LLM APIs, they receive outputs with no cryptographic assurance that the claimed model was actually used. Service providers could substitute cheaper models, apply aggressive quantization, or return cached…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-20 Zhaohui Geoffrey Wang

The standard Large Deviation Theory (LDT) mirrors the Boltzmann-Gibbs (BG) factor which describes the thermal equilibrium of short-range Hamiltonian systems, the velocity distribution of which is Maxwellian. It is generically applicable to…

General Physics · Physics 2022-02-03 Ugur Tirnakli , Mauricio Marques , Constantino Tsallis

Designing large coupling memory quasi-cyclic spatially-coupled LDPC (QC-SC-LDPC) codes with low error floors requires eliminating specific harmful substructures (e.g., short cycles) induced by edge spreading and lifting. Building on our…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Lei Huang

We study the recurrence to mistake dynamical balls, that is, dynamical balls that admit some errors and whose proportion of errors decrease tends to zero with the length of the dynamical ball. We prove, under mild assumptions, that the…

Dynamical Systems · Mathematics 2010-11-05 Jerome Rousseau , Paulo Varandas , Yun Zhao

It has been shown recently that a specific class of path-dependent stochastic processes, which reduce their sample space as they unfold, lead to exact scaling laws in frequency and rank distributions. Such Sample Space Reducing processes…

Physics and Society · Physics 2017-10-02 Bernat Corominas-Murtra , Rudolf Hanel , Stefan Thurner

The ability of generative large language models (LLMs) to perform in-context learning has given rise to a large body of research into how best to prompt models for various natural language processing tasks. In this paper, we focus on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-02 Armel Zebaze , Benoît Sagot , Rachel Bawden

The Lov\'{a}sz Local Lemma is a very powerful tool in probabilistic combinatorics, that is often used to prove existence of combinatorial objects satisfying certain constraints. Moser and Tardos have shown that the LLL gives more than just…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2019-09-13 Anton Bernshteyn

Maximum entropy models provide the least constrained probability distributions that reproduce statistical properties of experimental datasets. In this work we characterize the learning dynamics that maximizes the log-likelihood in the case…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2016-09-21 Ulisse Ferrari

We describe a universal information compression scheme that compresses any pure quantum i.i.d. source asymptotically to its von Neumann entropy, with no prior knowledge of the structure of the source. We introduce a diagonalisation…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Richard Jozsa , Stuart Presnell

Large Language Models (LLMs) have been found to memorize and recite some of the textual sequences from their training set verbatim, raising broad concerns about privacy and copyright issues when using LLMs. This Textual Sequence…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-12 Zhaohan Zhang , Ziquan Liu , Ioannis Patras

Detecting broken time-reversibility at micro- and nanoscale is often difficult when experiments offer limited state resolution. We introduce a lumping method that builds an effective semi-Markov model able to reproduce exactly the full…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2025-12-16 Gianluca Teza , Attilio L. Stella , Trevor GrandPre

A major challenge for matching-based depth estimation is to prevent mismatches in occlusion and smooth regions. An effective matching window satisfying three characteristics: texture richness, disparity consistency and anti-occlusion should…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-02-22 Ligen Shi , Chang Liu , Di He , Xing Zhao , Jun Qiu

This paper investigates the size in bits of the LZ77 encoding, which is the most popular and efficient variant of the Lempel-Ziv encodings used in data compression. We prove that, for a wide natural class of variable-length encoders for…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2018-01-10 Dmitry Kosolobov

Over the last few years, machine learning unlocked previously infeasible features for compression, such as providing guarantees for users' privacy or tailoring compression to specific data statistics (e.g., satellite images or audio…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2026-03-25 Gergely Flamich

This paper investigates, from information theoretic grounds, a learning problem based on the principle that any regularity in a given dataset can be exploited to extract compact features from data, i.e., using fewer bits than needed to…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-11-14 Matías Vera , Leonardo Rey Vega , Pablo Piantanida