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A quantum error correction code is assessed over its ability to correct errors in noisy quantum circuits. This task requires extensive simulations of faulty quantum circuits, which are often made tractable by considering stochastic Pauli…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-11 Francesco Pio Barone , Daniel Jaschke , Ilaria Siloi , Simone Montangero

Noise rates in quantum computing experiments have dropped dramatically, but reliable qubits remain precious. Fault-tolerance schemes with minimal qubit overhead are therefore essential. We introduce fault-tolerant error-correction…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-08-06 Rui Chao , Ben W. Reichardt

Fault-tolerant quantum computing demands many qubits with long lifetimes to conduct accurate quantum gate operations. However, external noise limits the computing time of physical qubits. Quantum error correction codes may extend such…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-10-03 Chungheon Baek , Tomohiro Ostuka , Seigo Tarucha , Byung-Soo Choi

Scalable realisation of quantum computing is reliant on the development of fault tolerant devices. Analysis of quantum error correction protocols typically considers incoherent noise models or noise-free syndrome measurements. While this is…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-29 Ben Harper , Azar C. Nakhl , Martin Sevior , Muhammad Usman

Concatenating quantum error correction codes scales error correction capability by driving logical error rates down double-exponentially across levels. However, the noise structure shifts under concatenation, making it hard to choose an…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-17 Nico Meyer , Christopher Mutschler , Dominik Seuß , Andreas Maier , Daniel D. Scherer

Quantum error correction allows to actively correct errors occurring in a quantum computation when the noise is weak enough. To make this error correction competitive information about the specific noise is required. Traditionally, this…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-04-07 Thomas Wagner , Hermann Kampermann , Dagmar Bruß , Martin Kliesch

Concatenation of two quantum error correcting codes with complementary sets of transversal gates can provide a means towards universal fault-tolerant computation. We first show that it is generally preferable to choose the inner code with…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-08-18 Christopher Chamberland , Tomas Jochym-O'Connor

Characterizing how quantum error correction circuits behave under realistic hardware noise is essential for testing the premises that enable scalable fault tolerance. Logical error rates conditioned on syndrome outcomes are needed to enable…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-08-12 Matthew Girling , Ben Criger , Cristina Cirstoiu

We analyze and study the effects of locality on the fault-tolerance threshold for quantum computation. We analytically estimate how the threshold will depend on a scale parameter r which estimates the scale-up in the size of the circuit due…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Krysta M. Svore , Barbara M. Terhal , David P. DiVincenzo

Logical qubits encoded into a quantum code exhibit improved error rates when the physical error rates are sufficiently low, below the pseudothreshold. Logical error rates and pseudothresholds can be estimated for specific circuits and noise…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-02-14 Malcolm S. Carroll , James R. Wootton , Andrew W. Cross

I discuss how to perform fault-tolerant quantum computation with concatenated codes using local gates in small numbers of dimensions. I show that a threshold result still exists in three, two, or one dimensions when next-to-nearest-neighbor…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-06-26 Daniel Gottesman

Recent years have seen rapid development in the subject of quantum coding theory, with breakthroughs on many exciting classes of codes, including quantum LDPC codes, quantum locally testable codes, and quantum codes with interesting…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-06 Adam Wills , Ting-Chun Lin , Rachel Yun Zhang , Min-Hsiu Hsieh

We consider a two-dimensional quantum memory of qubits on a torus which encode the extended Fibonaccistring-net code, and devise strategies for error correction when those qubits are subjected to depolarizing noise.Building on the concept…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-04-12 Alexis Schotte , Guanyu Zhu , Lander Burgelman , Frank Verstraete

We show that a simple modification of the surface code can exhibit an enormous gain in the error correction threshold for a noise model in which Pauli Z errors occur more frequently than X or Y errors. Such biased noise, where dephasing…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-02-07 David K. Tuckett , Stephen D. Bartlett , Steven T. Flammia

The repetition code is an important primitive for the techniques of quantum error correction. Here we implement repetition codes of at most $15$ qubits on the $16$ qubit \emph{ibmqx3} device. Each experiment is run for a single round of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-08-31 James R. Wootton , Daniel Loss

Sensitivity to noise makes most of the current quantum computing schemes prone to error and nonscalable, allowing only for small proof-of-principle devices. Topologically-protected quantum computing aims at solving this problem by encoding…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2013-12-17 Helmut G. Katzgraber , Ruben S. Andrist

The performance of quantum error correction schemes depends sensitively on the physical realizations of the qubits and the implementations of various operations. For example, in quantum dot spin qubits, readout is typically much slower than…

We use a combination of analytical and numerical techniques to calculate the noise threshold and resource requirements for a linear optical quantum computing scheme based on parity-state encoding. Parity-state encoding is used at the lowest…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-05-29 A. J. F. Hayes , H. L. Haselgrove , Alexei Gilchrist , T. C. Ralph

We calculate the error threshold for the linear optics quantum computing proposal by Knill, Laflamme and Milburn [Nature 409, pp. 46--52 (2001)] under an error model where photon detectors have efficiency <100% but all other components --…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-11-27 Marcus Silva , Martin Roetteler , Christof Zalka

Quantum error correction and fault-tolerance make it possible to perform quantum computations in the presence of imprecision and imperfections of realistic devices. An important question is to find the noise rate at which errors can be…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-06-30 Christopher Chamberland , Tomas Jochym-O'Connor , Raymond Laflamme