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The domain-independent universal Normalized Information Distance based on Kolmogorov complexity has been (in approximate form) successfully applied to a variety of difficult clustering problems. In this paper we investigate theoretical…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2025-07-30 Marcus Hutter

Symmetry of information states that $C(x) + C(y|x) = C(x,y) + O(\log C(x))$. We show that a similar relation for online Kolmogorov complexity does not hold. Let the even (online Kolmogorov) complexity of an n-bitstring $x_1x_2... x_n$ be…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2014-01-09 Bruno Bauwens

A general notion of information-related complexity applicable to both natural and man-made systems is proposed. The overall approach is to explicitly consider a rational agent performing a certain task with a quantifiable degree of success.…

Data Analysis, Statistics and Probability · Physics 2013-01-18 Eugene Perevalov , David Grace

Chaitin's incompleteness theorem states that sufficiently rich formal systems cannot prove lower bounds on Kolmogorov complexity. In this paper we extend this theorem by showing theories that prove the Kolmogorov complexity of a large (but…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2023-06-06 Samuel Epstein

We show that there are infinitely many binary strings z, such that the sum of the on-line decision complexity of predicting the even bits of z given the previous uneven bits, and the decision complexity of predicting the uneven bits given…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2009-09-01 Bruno Bauwens

The fine approach to measure information dependence is based on the total conditional complexity CT(y|x), which is defined as the minimal length of a total program that outputs y on the input x. It is known that the total conditional…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2023-07-11 Nikolay Vereshchagin

Suppose that Alice and Bob are given each an infinite string, and they want to decide whether their two strings are in a given relation. How much communication do they need? How can communication be even defined and measured for infinite…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2015-01-26 Pierre Guillon , Emmanuel Jeandel

The main contribution of this work is to relate information complexity to "tension" [Prabhakaran and Prabhakaran, 2014] - an information-theoretic quantity defined with no reference to protocols - and to illustrate that it allows deriving…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2014-08-28 Manoj M. Prabhakaran , Vinod M. Prabhakaran

We propose an operational, quantitative definition of intelligence for arbitrary physical systems. The intelligence density of a system is the ratio of the logarithm of its independent outputs to its total description length. A system…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-29 Kang-Sin Choi

In this paper we give a definition for the Kolmogorov complexity of a pure quantum state. In classical information theory the algorithmic complexity of a string is a measure of the information needed by a universal machine to reproduce the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 C. Mora , H. J. Briegel

We introduce a uniform representation of general objects that captures the regularities with respect to their structure. It allows a representation of a general class of objects including geometric patterns and images in a sparse, modular,…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2008-06-12 Hiroshi Ishikawa

Image information content is known to be a complicated and controvercial problem. This paper posits a new image information content definition. Following the theory of Solomonoff-Kolmogorov-Chaitin's complexity, we define image information…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2009-11-11 Emanuel Diamant

"Information Processing" is a recently launched buzzword whose meaning is vague and obscure even for the majority of its users. The reason for this is the lack of a suitable definition for the term "information". In my attempt to amend this…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2013-03-12 Emanuel Diamant

Let $K$ denote prefix-free Kolmogorov Complexity, and $K^A$ denote it relative to an oracle $A$. We show that for any $n$, $K^{\emptyset^{(n)}}$ is definable purely in terms of the unrelativized notion $K$. It was already known that…

Logic · Mathematics 2022-08-08 Rodney Downey , Lu Liu , Keng Meng Ng , Daniel Turetsky

Mutual information I in infinite sequences (and in their finite prefixes) is essential in theoretical analysis of many situations. Yet its right definition has been elusive for a long time. I address it by generalizing Kolmogorov Complexity…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2021-08-03 Leonid A. Levin

We study the complexity of approximations to the normalized information distance. We introduce a hierarchy of computable approximations by considering the number of oscillations. This is a function version of the difference hierarchy for…

Logic · Mathematics 2019-11-15 Klaus Ambos-Spies , Wolfgang Merkle , Sebastiaan A. Terwijn

For every total recursive time bound $t$, a constant fraction of all compressible (low Kolmogorov complexity) strings is $t$-bounded incompressible (high time-bounded Kolmogorov complexity); there are uncountably many infinite sequences of…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2009-08-11 E. G. Daylight , W. M. Koolen , P. M. B. Vitanyi

Kolmogorov complexity measures the algorithmic complexity of a finite binary string $\sigma$ in terms of the length of the shortest description $\sigma^*$ of $\sigma$. Traditionally, the length of a string is taken to measure the amount of…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2019-06-14 Cameron Fraize , Christopher P. Porter

Given a reference computer, Kolmogorov complexity is a well defined function on all binary strings. In the standard approach, however, only the asymptotic properties of such functions are considered because they do not depend on the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2007-05-23 Andrei N. Soklakov

Is it possible to find a shortest description for a binary string? The well-known answer is "no, Kolmogorov complexity is not computable." Faced with this barrier, one might instead seek a short list of candidates which includes a laconic…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2014-02-14 Jason Teutsch