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Primary Frequency Control (PFC) is a fast acting mechanism used to ensure high-quality power for the grid that is becoming an increasingly attractive option for load participation. Due to speed requirement and other considerations, it is…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2019-07-23 Joshua Comden , Tan N. Le , Yue Zhao , Bong Jun Choi , Zhenhua Liu

High penetration of renewable energy sources intensifies frequency fluctuations in multi-area power systems, challenging both stability and operational safety. This paper proposes a novel distributed frequency control method that ensures…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-09-10 Xiemin Mo , Tao Liu

The increase of electric demand and the progressive integration of renewable sources threatens the stability of the power grid. To solve this issue, several methods have been proposed to control the demand side instead of increasing the…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2018-05-22 Eder Batista Tchawou Tchuisseu , Damià Gomila , Pere Colet

This paper studies the problem of frequency regulation in power grids under unknown and possible time-varying load changes, while minimizing the generation costs. We formulate this problem as an output agreement problem for distribution…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2015-10-01 Sebastian Trip , Mathias Bürger , Claudio De Persis

Frequency restoration in power systems is conventionally performed by broadcasting a centralized signal to local controllers. As a result of the energy transition, technological advances, and the scientific interest in distributed control…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-01-13 Erieke Weitenberg , Yan Jiang , Changhong Zhao , Enrique Mallada , Claudio De Persis , Florian Dörfler

This paper proposes a control method for allowing aggregates of thermostatically controlled loads to provide synthetic inertia and primary frequency regulation services to the grid. The proposed control framework is fully distributed and…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-05-04 F. Conte , M. Crosa di Vergagni , S. Massucco , F. Silvestro , E. Ciapessoni , D. Cirio

With more and more distributed energy resources (DERs) deployed in Integrated Energy Systems (IESs), frequency stability challenges the pursuit of reliability and efficiency. This paper proposes a fully-distributed frequency control method…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2019-11-27 Xin Qin , Xuan Zhang , Xinwei Shen , Yinliang Xu , Mohammad Shahidehpour , Hongbin Sun

Optimally combining frequency control with self-consumption can increase revenues from battery storage systems installed behind-the-meter. This work presents an optimized control strategy that allows a battery to be used simultaneously for…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2018-01-01 Jonas Engels , Bert Claessens , Geert Deconinck

This work addresses the distributed frequency control problem in power systems considering controllable load with a nonsmooth cost. The nonsmoothness exists widely in power systems, such as tiered price, greatly challenging the design of…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-09-23 Zhaojian Wang , Feng Liua , Changhong Zhao , Zhiyuan Ma , Wei Wei

Load side participation can provide valuable support to the power network in case of urgencies. On many occasions, loads are naturally represented by on and off states. However, the use of on-off loads for frequency control can lead to…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2021-04-07 Andreas Kasis , Nima Monshizadeh , Ioannis Lestas

This paper investigates the problem of optimal frequency regulation of multi-machine power networks where each synchronous machine is described by a sixth order model. By analyzing the physical energy stored in the network and the…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2016-03-23 Tjerk Stegink , Claudio De Persis , Arjan van der Schaft

This paper considers demand side management in smart power grid systems containing significant numbers of thermostatically controlled loads such as air conditioning systems, heat pumps, etc. Recent studies have shown that the overall power…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2013-02-14 Jan Bendtsen , Srinivas Sridharan

Future electricity distribution grids will host a considerable share of the renewable energy sources needed for enforcing the energy transition. Demand side management mechanisms play a key role in the integration of such renewable energy…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2019-04-16 José Horta , Eitan Altman , Mathieu Caujolle , Daniel Kofman , David Menga

The rapid expansion of data center infrastructure is reshaping power system dynamics by significantly increasing electricity demand while also offering potential for fast and controllable flexibility. To ensure reliable operation under such…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-10-02 Pengyu Ren , Wei Sun , Yifan Wang , Gareth Harrison

Thermostatically controlled loads (TCLs) can provide ancillary services to the power network by aiding existing frequency control mechanisms. TCLs are, however, characterized by an intrinsic limit cycle behavior which raises the risk that…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2021-10-28 Andreas Kasis , Ioannis Lestas

The AC frequency in electrical power systems is conventionally regulated by synchronous machines. The gradual replacement of these machines by asynchronous renewable-based generation, which provides little or no frequency control, increases…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2019-06-13 Richard Pates , Enrique Mallada

We consider the problem of distributed secondary frequency regulation in power networks such that stability and an optimal power allocation are attained. This is a problem that has been widely studied in the literature, and two main control…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2020-08-12 Andreas Kasis , Nima Monshizadeh , Ioannis Lestas

Demand flexibility is increasingly important for power grids, in light of growing penetration of renewable generation. Careful coordination of thermostatically controlled loads (TCLs) can potentially modulate energy demand, decrease…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-10-07 Bingqing Chen , Weiran Yao , Jonathan Francis , Mario Bergés

Flexibility is a key enabler for the smart grid, required to facilitate Demand Side Management (DSM) programs, managing electrical consumption to reduce peaks, balance renewable generation and provide ancillary services to the grid.…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2017-04-06 Sarah O'Connell , Stefano Riverso

We present a systematic method for designing distributed generation and demand control schemes for secondary frequency regulation in power networks such that stability and an economically optimal power allocation can be guaranteed. A…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2017-03-03 Andreas Kasis , Nima Monshizadeh , Eoin Devane , Ioannis Lestas