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Let G be a graph with a perfect matching. A complete forcing set of G is a subset of edges of G to which the restriction of every perfect matching is a forcing set of it. The complete forcing number of G is the minimum cardinality of…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2021-02-09 Xin He , Heping Zhang

We present a universal crease pattern--known in geometry as the tetrakis tiling and in origami as box pleating--that can fold into any object made up of unit cubes joined face-to-face (polycubes). More precisely, there is one universal…

Computational Geometry · Computer Science 2009-09-30 Nadia Benbernou , Erik D. Demaine , Martin L. Demaine , Aviv Ovadya

Modeling folding surfaces with nonzero thickness is of practical interest for mechanical engineering. There are many existing approaches that account for material thickness in folding applications. We propose a new systematic and broadly…

Computational Geometry · Computer Science 2016-01-22 Jason S. Ku , Erik D. Demaine

The forcing number of a perfect matching $M$ in a graph $G$ is the smallest number of edges inside $M$ that can not be contained in other perfect matchings. The anti-forcing number of $M$ is the smallest number of edges outside $M$ whose…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2020-12-25 Kai Deng , Huazhong Lü , Tingzeng Wu

Kirigami is an increasingly useful fabrication method to produce shape-programmable metamaterial structures. However, inverse design remains difficult because deployment is nonlinear, and feasible cut layouts must satisfy discrete…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Milad Yazdani , Shahriar Shalileh , Dena Shahriari

An algorithm is proposed for constructing directed spanning forests of the minimum weight, in which the maximum possible degree of affinity between the minimum forests is preserved when the number of trees changes. The correctness of the…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-02-18 Vasily Buslov

A graph in which all minimal zero forcing sets are in fact minimum size is called ``well-forced." This paper characterizes well-forced trees and presents an algorithm for determining which trees are well-forced. Additionally, we…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2023-12-25 Cheryl Grood , Ruth Haas , Bonnie Jacob , Erika King , Shahla Nasserasr

Rigid origami has shown potential in large diversity of practical applications. However, current rigid origami crease pattern design mostly relies on known tessellations. This strongly limits the diversity and novelty of patterns that can…

Graphics · Computer Science 2023-05-01 Jeremia Geiger , Karolis Martinkus , Oliver Richter , Roger Wattenhofer

We consider the zero-energy deformations of periodic origami sheets with generic crease patterns. Using a mapping from the linear folding motions of such sheets to force-bearing modes in conjunction with the Maxwell-Calladine index theorem…

Soft Condensed Matter · Physics 2020-12-24 James McInerney , Bryan Gin-ge Chen , Louis Theran , Christian Santangelo , Zeb Rocklin

Origami structures have been proposed as a means of creating three-dimensional structures from the micro- to the macroscale, and as a means of fabricating mechanical metamaterials. The design of such structures requires a deep understanding…

Soft Condensed Matter · Physics 2020-04-29 M. Berry , M. E. Lee-Trimble , C. D. Santangelo

It is well known that the set of origami constructible numbers is larger than the classical straight-edge and compass constructible numbers. However, the Huzita-Justin-Hatori origami constructible numbers remain algebraic so that the…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2025-05-27 Michael Assis

We study the problem of deciding whether a crease pattern can be folded by simple folds (folding along one line at a time) under the infinite all-layers model introduced by [Akitaya et al., 2017], in which each simple fold is defined by an…

Computational Geometry · Computer Science 2019-01-25 Hugo A. Akitaya , Cordelia Avery , Joseph Bergeron , Erik D. Demaine , Justin Kopinsky , Jason Ku

Origami inspired architectures offer a powerful route toward lightweight, reconfigurable, and programmable robotic systems. Yet, a unified mechanics framework capable of seamlessly bridging rigid folding, elastic deformation, and stability…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Bohan Zhang , Bo Wang , Huajiang Ouyang , Zhigang Wu , Haohao Bi , Jiawei Xu , Mingchao Liu , Weicheng Huang

Symmetric submodular function minimization admits purely combinatorial algorithms using special orderings of the ground set. Extending the minimum-cut algorithm of Nagamochi and Ibaraki (1992), Queyranne (1998) showed that the maximum…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Satoru Iwata , Haruto Konno

Kirigami, the Japanese art of paper cutting, has recently enabled the design of stretchable mechanical metamaterials that can be easily realized by embedding arrays of periodic cuts into an elastic sheet. Here, we exploit kirigami…

Soft Condensed Matter · Physics 2020-07-16 Lishuai Jin , Antonio Elia Forte , Bolei Deng , Ahmad Rafsanjani , Katia Bertoldi

In this paper, we study minimal (with respect to inclusion) zero forcing sets. We first investigate when a graph can have polynomially or exponentially many distinct minimal zero forcing sets. We also study the maximum size of a minimal…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2022-04-18 Boris Brimkov , Joshua Carlson

We develop recursion equations to describe the three-dimensional shape of a sheet upon which a series of concentric curved folds have been inscribed. In the case of no stretching outside the fold, the three-dimensional shape of a single…

Soft Condensed Matter · Physics 2012-12-17 Marcelo A. Dias , Christian D. Santangelo

Origami, the ancient art of folding thin sheets, has attracted increasing attention for its practical value in diverse fields: architectural design, therapeutics, deployable space structures, medical stent design, antenna design and…

Soft Condensed Matter · Physics 2021-06-09 Huan Liu , Paul Plucinsky , Fan Feng , Richard D. James

Zero forcing is a binary coloring game on a graph where a set of filled vertices can force non-filled vertices to become filled following a color change rule. In 2008, the zero forcing number of a graph was shown to be an upper bound on its…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-08-12 Thomas R. Cameron , Jonad Pulaj

A global forcing set for maximal matchings of a graph $G=(V(G), E(G))$ is a set $S \subseteq E(G)$ such that $M_1\cap S \neq M_2 \cap S$ for each pair of maximal matchings $M_1$ and $M_2$ of $G$. The smallest such set is called a minimum…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2021-07-30 Sandi Klavžar , Mostafa Tavakoli , Gholamreza Abrishami
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