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Traditional reinforcement learning and planning typically requires vast amounts of data and training to develop effective policies. In contrast, large language models (LLMs) exhibit strong generalization and zero-shot capabilities, but…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-30 Jonathan Light , Min Cai , Weiqin Chen , Guanzhi Wang , Xiusi Chen , Wei Cheng , Yisong Yue , Ziniu Hu

We investigate the repeated prisoner's dilemma game where both players alternately use reinforcement learning to obtain their optimal memory-one strategies. We theoretically solve the simultaneous Bellman optimality equations of…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2021-06-02 Yuki Usui , Masahiko Ueda

Mean Field Control Games (MFCGs) provide a powerful theoretical framework for analyzing systems of infinitely many interacting agents, blending elements from Mean Field Games (MFGs) and Mean Field Control (MFC). However, solving the coupled…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-03 Nianli Peng , Yilin Wang

Two-player (antagonistic) games on (possibly stochastic) graphs are a prevalent model in theoretical computer science, notably as a framework for reactive synthesis. Optimal strategies may require randomisation when dealing with inherently…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2024-11-25 James C. A. Main , Mickael Randour

Adversarial training, a special case of multi-objective optimization, is an increasingly prevalent machine learning technique: some of its most notable applications include GAN-based generative modeling and self-play techniques in…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-03-17 Gauthier Gidel , David Balduzzi , Wojciech Marian Czarnecki , Marta Garnelo , Yoram Bachrach

Continuously learning and leveraging the knowledge accumulated from prior tasks in order to improve future performance is a long standing machine learning problem. In this paper, we study the problem in the multi-armed bandit framework with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-12-29 Matthieu Jedor , Jonathan Louëdec , Vianney Perchet

We study a multiplayer stochastic multi-armed bandit problem in which players cannot communicate, and if two or more players pull the same arm, a collision occurs and the involved players receive zero reward. We consider the challenging…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-03-23 Etienne Boursier , Emilie Kaufmann , Abbas Mehrabian , Vianney Perchet

Learning from repeated play in a fixed two-player zero-sum game is a classic problem in game theory and online learning. We consider a variant of this problem where the game payoff matrix changes over time, possibly in an adversarial…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-01 Mengxiao Zhang , Peng Zhao , Haipeng Luo , Zhi-Hua Zhou

An adversarial bandit problem with memory constraints is studied where only the statistics of a subset of arms can be stored. A hierarchical learning policy that requires only a sublinear order of memory space in terms of the number of arms…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-05-12 Xiao Xu , Qing Zhao

This paper aims to solve the optimal strategy against a well-known adaptive algorithm, the Hedge algorithm, in a finitely repeated $2\times 2$ zero-sum game. In the literature, related theoretical results are very rare. To this end, we make…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-12-18 Xinxiang Guo , Yifen Mu

We consider a class of restless multi-armed bandit (RMAB) problems with unknown arm dynamics. At each time, a player chooses an arm out of N arms to play, referred to as an active arm, and receives a random reward from a finite set of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-06-20 Tomer Gafni , Kobi Cohen

Decision-making under uncertainty is a fundamental problem encountered frequently and can be formulated as a stochastic multi-armed bandit problem. In the problem, the learner interacts with an environment by choosing an action at each…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-05-24 Jonathan Gornet , Bruno Sinopoli

Predicting and modeling human behavior and finding trends within human decision-making processes is a major problem of social science. Rock Paper Scissors (RPS) is the fundamental strategic question in many game theory problems and…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2020-11-24 Lei Wang , Wenbin Huang , Yuanpeng Li , Julian Evans , Sailing He

Methods like multi-agent reinforcement learning struggle to scale with growing population size. Mean-field games (MFGs) are a game-theoretic approach that can circumvent this by finding a solution for an abstract infinite population, which…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-12-23 Patrick Benjamin , Alessandro Abate

The study of learning in games typically assumes that each player always has access to all of their actions. However, in many practical scenarios, players' available actions might be restricted due to exogenous stochasticity. To model this…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Thomas Schwarz , Ryann Sim , Chun Kai Ling

We study the problem of online learning in Stackelberg games with side information between a leader and a sequence of followers. In every round the leader observes contextual information and commits to a mixed strategy, after which the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Maria-Florina Balcan , Martino Bernasconi , Matteo Castiglioni , Andrea Celli , Keegan Harris , Zhiwei Steven Wu

We introduce a class of learning problems where the agent is presented with a series of tasks. Intuitively, if there is relation among those tasks, then the information gained during execution of one task has value for the execution of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2012-09-06 Christos Dimitrakakis

Efficient allocation is important in nature and human society, where individuals frequently compete for limited resources. The Minority Game (MG) is perhaps the simplest toy model to address this issue. However, most previous solutions…

Physics and Society · Physics 2026-02-04 Guozhong Zheng , Weiran Cai , Guanxiao Qi , Jiqiang Zhang , Li Chen

We study bandit learning in matching markets, where players and arms constitute the two market sides, and the players' utilities are linear in the arm contexts. In each round, new arms arrive with observable contexts. Then, the algorithm…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Shiyun Lin , Simon Mauras , Vianney Perchet , Nadav Merlis

The stochastic multi-armed bandit problem is a well-known model for studying the exploration-exploitation trade-off. It has significant possible applications in adaptive clinical trials, which allow for dynamic changes in the treatment…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-06-11 Hossein Aboutalebi , Doina Precup , Tibor Schuster