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For a nonseparable bipartite quantum state violating the Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt (CHSH) inequality, we evaluate amounts of noise breaking the quantum character of its statistical correlations under any generalized quantum measurements of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Elena R. Loubenets

In 1982, Alain Aspect, and collaborators performed an experiment, in order to observe the violation of the inequality of Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt. After the experiment, they used the data in the inequality and concluded that the…

Bell nonlocality and Kochen-Specker contextuality are two remarkable nonclassical features of quantum theory, related to strong correlations between outcomes of measurements performed on quantum systems. Both phenomena can be witnessed by…

The non-local correlations exhibited when measuring entangled particles can be used to certify the presence of genuine randomness in Bell experiments. While non-locality is necessary for randomness certification, it is unclear when and why…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-11-18 Chirag Dhara , Giuseppe Prettico , Antonio Acin

We propose disturbance-free measurement using a "weak-value" scheme, in which a weakly measured quantum system is post-selected (to the initial state) to confirm that there is no disturbance. The probability of obtaining the non-disturbed…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-08-03 Sang Min Lee , Minsu Kim , Heonoh Kim , Han Seb Moon , Sang Wook Kim

We present a violation of the CHSH inequality without the fair sampling assumption with a continuously pumped photon pair source combined with two high efficiency superconducting detectors. Due to the continuous nature of the source, the…

It has been shown that there is a small possibility to experimentally violate the CHSH Bell inequality in a 'classical' context. The probability of such a violation has been estimated in the framework of a classical probabilistic model in…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2011-06-13 Bogusław Broda , Michał Szanecki

An experiment in which the Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt inequality is maximally violated is self-testing (i.e., it certifies in a device-independent way both the state and the measurements). We prove that an experiment maximally violating…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-10-06 Ole Andersson , Piotr Badziąg , Ingemar Bengtsson , Irina Dumitru , Adán Cabello

We propose here a scheme, based on the measurement of quadrature phase coherence, aimed at testing the Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt Bell inequality in an optomechanical setting. Our setup is constituted by two optical cavities dispersively…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-10-18 Juuso Manninen , Muhammad Asjad , Risto Ojajärvi , Petri Kuusela , Francesco Massel

We theoretically and experimentally investigate the optimal conditions for the Bell experiment using spontaneous parametric down conversion (SPDC) sources. In theory, we show that relatively large average photon number (typically $\sim$0.5)…

Quantum mechanics provides means of generating genuine randomness that is impossible with deterministic classical processes. Remarkably, the unpredictability of randomness can be certified in a self-testing manner that is independent of…

We investigate the nonlocality distributions among multiqubit systems based on the maximal violations of the Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt (CHSH) inequality of reduced pairwise qubit systems. We present a trade-off relation satisfied by these…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-12-31 Hui-Hui Qin , Shao-Ming Fei , Xianqing Li-Jost

We develop a framework for certifying randomness from Bell-test trials based on directly estimating the probability of the measurement outcomes with adaptive test supermartingales. The number of trials need not be predetermined, and one can…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-09-30 Emanuel Knill , Yanbao Zhang , Peter Bierhorst

Application of CHSH game in Linear Cryptanalysis is presented. Till date, the known usage of CHSH game in Quantum Cryptology is to verify the device independence of the protocols. We observed that the classical symmetric ciphers having the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-11-23 Arpita Maitra , Ravi Anand , Suman Dutta

Random numbers form an intrinsic part of modern day computing with applications in a wide variety of fields. But due to their limitations, the use of pseudo random number generators (PRNGs) is certainly not desirable for sensitive…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-09-27 Abhishek Yadav , Sandeep Mishra , Anirban Pathak

To date, most efforts to demonstrate quantum nonlocality have concentrated on systems of two (or very few) particles. It is however difficult in many experiments to address individual particles, making it hard to highlight the presence of…

Many typical Bell experiments can be described as follows. A source repeatedly distributes particles among two spacelike separated observers. Each of them makes a measurement, using an observable randomly chosen out of several possible…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-01-08 Michael Epping , Hermann Kampermann , Dagmar Bruß

A quantum state can be characterized from the violation of a Bell inequality. The well-known CHSH inequality for example can be used to quantify the fidelity (up to local isometries) of the measured state with respect to the singlet state.…

Violation of the Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt (CHSH) inequality certifies genuine quantum correlations. In this work, we formalize in Lean 4 the rigidity theorem -- any strategy achieving near-optimal CHSH value must be locally isometric to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-07 Tianrun Zhao , Nengkun Yu

Quantum randomness can be certified from probabilistic behaviors demonstrating Bell nonlocality or Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen steering, leveraging outcomes from uncharacterized devices. However, such nonlocal correlations are not always…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-21 Yi Li , Yu Xiang , Jordi Tura , Qiongyi He