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Certifying maximal quantum randomness without assumptions about system dimension remains a pivotal challenge for secure communication and foundational studies. Here, we introduce a generalized framework to directly certify maximal…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-07-15 Tianqi Zheng , Yi Li , Yu Xiang , Qiongyi He

Recently, it was demonstrated by Son et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. \textbf{102}, 110404 (2009), that a separable bipartite continuous variable quantum system can violate the Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt (CHSH) inequality via operationally local…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-05-29 Mark S. Williamson , Libby Heaney , Wonmin Son

A device-independent randomness expansion protocol aims to take an initial random string and generate a longer one, where the security of the protocol does not rely on knowing the inner workings of the devices used to run it. In order to do…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-06 Rutvij Bhavsar , Sammy Ragy , Roger Colbeck

Bell inequalities are an important tool in device-independent quantum information processing because their violation can serve as a certificate of relevant quantum properties. Probably the best known example of a Bell inequality is due to…

In the present paper a robustness stress-test of the CHSH experiments for Einstein locality and causality is designed and employed. Random A and B from dice and coins, but based on a local model, run "parallel" to a real experiment. We…

General Physics · Physics 2014-07-14 J. F. Geurdes

In their recent comment, published in Nature, Jeffrey T.Leek and Roger D.Peng discuss how P-values are widely abused in null hypothesis significance testing . We agree completely with them and in this short comment we discuss the importance…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-05-26 Marian Kupczynski

The only information available about an alleged source of entangled quantum states is the amount $S$ by which the Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt (CHSH) inequality is violated: nothing is known about the nature of the system or the measurements…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-12-19 C. -E. Bardyn , T. C. H. Liew , S. Massar , M. McKague , V. Scarani

The establishment of nonlocal correlations, obtained through the violation of a Bell inequality, is not only important from a fundamental point of view, but constitutes the basis for device-independent quantum information technologies.…

We study the CHSH inequality from an informational, timing-sensitive viewpoint using game-theoretic probability, which avoids assuming an underlying probability space. The locality loophole and the measurement-dependence…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-16 Takara Nomura , Koichi Yamagata , Akio Fujiwara

Self testing is a device-independent technique based on non-local correlations whose aim is to certify the effective uniqueness of the quantum state and measurements needed to produce these correlations. It is known that the maximal…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-07-12 Ivan Šupić , Remigiusz Augusiak , Alexia Salavrakos , Antonio Acín

It has been claimed that to close the locality loophole in a Bell experiment, random numbers of quantum origin should be used for selecting the measurement settings. This is how it has been implemented in all recent Bell experiment…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-10-02 Stefano Pironio

For many protocols, quantum strategies have advantages compared with their classical counter-partners, and these advantages have attracted many interests and applications. One of the famous examples is the Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt (CHSH)…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-01-26 Zhiyu Tian , Yuan-Yuan Zhao , Hao Wu , Zhao Wang , Le Luo

From dice to modern complex circuits, there have been many attempts to build increasingly better devices to generate random numbers. Today, randomness is fundamental to security and cryptographic systems, as well as safeguarding privacy. A…

Statistical tests are needed to determine experimentally whether a hypothetical theory based on local realism can be an acceptable alternative to quantum mechanics. It is impossible to rule out local realism by a single test, as often…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-04-26 Asher Peres

We establish a necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of a quantum state that reproduces given correlation values in the Clauser--Horne--Shimony--Holt (CHSH) setup for any fixed normalized observables. This result addresses a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-06-17 Ryosuke Nogami , Jaeha Lee

Reliable verification of entanglement is a central requirement for quantum networks. This paper presents a practical verification approach based on violations of the Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt (CHSH) inequality. We derive tight mathematical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-09-09 Xuan Du Trinh , Zhengyu Wu , Junlin Bai , Huan-Hsin Tseng , Nengkun Yu , Aruna Balasubramanian

A violation of Bell local realism inequalities in Clauser-Horn-Shimony-Holt (CHSH) form has been discovered in a relativistic GedanknExperiment. This means that there are no definite joint probabilities and this finds a classical…

General Physics · Physics 2024-06-03 Alexander Belinsky , Igor Dzhadan

We show that a recent observation by Yan leads to a method to experimentally test whether a higher-than-quantum violation of the Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt Bell inequality is possible (assuming that the sum of probabilities of pairwise…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-03-27 Adan Cabello

A recent experiment testing the necessity of complex numbers in the standard formulation of quantum theory is recreated using IBM quantum computers. To motivate the experiment, we present a basic construction for real-valued quantum theory.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-12-24 Jarrett L. Lancaster , Nicholas M. Palladino

Bell's inequality sets a strict threshold for how strongly correlated the outcomes of measurements on two or more particles can be, if the outcomes of each measurement are independent of actions undertaken at arbitrarily distant locations.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-05-24 David I. Kaiser