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Generic open quantum systems are notoriously difficult to simulate unless one looks at specific regimes. In contrast, classical dissipative systems can often be effectively described by stochastic processes, which are generally less…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-02 Charlie R. Hogg , Jonas Glatthard , Federico Cerisola , Janet Anders

General relativity and quantum mechanics are incompatible at the Planck scale. This contention can be examined if a quantum computer is set to operate at a rate that exceeds the classical limit of one operation per Planck volume-time, or…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-09 Boaz Katz , Shlomi Kotler

With quantum computers of significant size now on the horizon, we should understand how to best exploit their initially limited abilities. To this end, we aim to identify a practical problem that is beyond the reach of current classical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-09-26 Andrew M. Childs , Dmitri Maslov , Yunseong Nam , Neil J. Ross , Yuan Su

Virtual black-box obfuscation is a strong cryptographic primitive: it encrypts a circuit while maintaining its full input/output functionality. A remarkable result by Barak et al. (Crypto 2001) shows that a general obfuscator that…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-11-24 Gorjan Alagic , Zvika Brakerski , Yfke Dulek , Christian Schaffner

We introduce a systematic study of "symmetric quantum circuits", a new restricted model of quantum computation that preserves the symmetries of the problems it solves. This model is well-adapted for studying the role of symmetry in quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-07 Davi Castro-Silva , Tom Gur , Sergii Strelchuk

Yao (1993) proved that quantum Turing machines and uniformly generated quantum circuits are polynomially equivalent computational models: $t \geq n$ steps of a quantum Turing machine running on an input of length $n$ can be simulated by a…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2019-09-11 Abel Molina , John Watrous

Quantum computing is a promising technology that harnesses the peculiarities of quantum mechanics to deliver computational speedups for some problems that are intractable to solve on a classical computer. Current generation noisy…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2022-09-16 Daan Camps , Efekan Kökcü , Lindsay Bassman , Wibe A. de Jong , Alexander F. Kemper , Roel Van Beeumen

For random quantum circuits on $n$ qubits of depth $\Theta(\log n)$ with depolarizing noise, the task of sampling from the output state can be efficiently performed classically using a Pauli path method [Aharonov et al. Proceedings of the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-05-07 Guillermo González-García , J. Ignacio Cirac , Rahul Trivedi

Quantum circuit equivalence checking asks whether two circuits implement the same unitary. It guarantees compiler correctness and safe optimization, yet most existing approaches scale exponentially with the number of qubits or the circuit…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-16 Daisuke Sakamoto , Soshun Naito , Yusei Mori , Kosuke Mitarai

Many quantum algorithms can be represented in a form of a classical circuit positioned between quantum Fourier transformations. Motivated by the search for new quantum algorithms, we turn to circuits where the latter transformation is…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-07-03 Vojtěch Havlíček , Sergii Strelchuk , Kristan Temme

A key open question in quantum computing is whether quantum algorithms can potentially offer a significant advantage over classical algorithms for tasks of practical interest. Understanding the limits of classical computing in simulating…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-06-23 Matija Medvidovic , Giuseppe Carleo

We investigate the problem of evaluating the output probabilities of Clifford circuits with nonstabilizer product input states. First, we consider the case when the input state is mixed, and give an efficient classical algorithm to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-10-25 Kaifeng Bu , Dax Enshan Koh

In this paper we present the computational model underlying the one-way quantum computer which we introduced recently [Phys. Rev. Lett. 86, 5188 (2001)]. The one-way quantum computer has the property that any quantum logic network can be…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Robert Raussendorf , Hans Briegel

We provide a new approach for compiling quantum simulation circuits that appear in Trotter, qDRIFT and multi-product formulas to Clifford and non-Clifford operations that can reduce the number of non-Clifford operations by a factor of up to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-05-09 Priyanka Mukhopadhyay , Nathan Wiebe , Hong Tao Zhang

The work discusses validation of properties of quantum circuits with many qubits using non-universal set of quantum gates ensuring possibility of effective simulation on classical computer. An understanding analogy between different models…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-06-26 Alexander Yu. Vlasov

We investigate the amount of noise required to turn a universal quantum gate set into one that can be efficiently modelled classically. This question is useful for providing upper bounds on fault tolerant thresholds, and for understanding…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 S. Virmani , Susana F. Huelga , Martin B. Plenio

This document describes a family of quantum circuits which load classical data into a quantum state. When loading $N$ classical bits, the result quantum state is of order $\log_2(N)$ qubits. Furthermore the gate depth of the data loading…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-03-07 John A. Cortese , Timothy M. Braje

Any quasi-probability representation of a no-signaling system -- including quantum systems -- can be simulated via a purely classical scheme by allowing signed events and a cancellation procedure. This raises a fundamental question: What…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-08-11 Adam Brandenburger , Pierfrancesco La Mura

We define formally decohered quantum computers (using density matrices), and present a simulation of them by a probabalistic classical Turing Machine. We study the slowdown of the simulation for two cases: (1) sequential quantum computers,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Dorit Aharonov , Michael Ben-Or

Quantum circuits are considered more powerful than classical circuits and require exponential resources to simulate classically. Clifford circuits are a special class of quantum circuits that can be simulated in polynomial time but still…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-09 Yuchen Pang , Edgar Solomonik