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A little error was eliminated from Hertz equations. New Hertz equations do not contradict to all electromagnetic experiments. Therefore Hertz electrodynamics is the alternative to Einstein electrodynamics. It means that the question about…
Classical electrodynamics foresees that the effective interaction force between a moving charge and a magnetic dipole is modified by the time-varying total momentum of the interaction fields. We derive the equations of motion of the…
We propose a modification of Maxwell's macroscopic fundamental set of equations in vacuum in order to clarify Faraday's law of induction. Using this procedure, the Lorentz force is no longer separate from Maxwell's equations. The Lorentz…
A model calculation using the Darwin Lagrangian is carried out for a magnet consisting of two current-carrying charges constrained by centripetal forces to move in a circular path in the presence of the electric field from a distant…
It is well understood that various alternatives are available within EM theory for the definitions of energy density, momentum transfer, EM stress-energy tensor, and so forth. Although the various options are all compatible with the basic…
To change the velocity of an electron requires that a Lorentz force acts on it, through an electric or a magnetic field. We point out that within the conventional understanding of superconductivity electrons appear to change their velocity…
The Lorentz force equations provide a partial description of the geodesic motion of a charged particle on a four-manifold. Under the hypothesis that Maxwell's equations express symmetry properties of the Ricci tensor, the full…
The interaction of a point charge and a magnetic moment (and by extension a point charge and a solenoid) is explored within well-defined point-charge magnetic-moment models where full calculations are possible. It is shown explicitly how…
Nearly all field theories suffer from singularities when particles are introduced. This is true in both classical and quantum physics. Classical field singularities result in the notorious self-force problem, where it is unknown how the…
The Lorenz electromagnetic theory of light, published two years after the Maxwell theory, starts by postulating that both scalar and vector potentials are retarded. We show that in spite of this postulate, Lorenz's theory gives a…
It has been recently argued that the Lorentz force is incompatible with Special Relativity and should be amended in the presence of magnetization and polarization in order to avoid a paradox involving a magnet in the presence of an electric…
In electromagnetism, as in Newton's mechanics, action is always equal to reaction. The force from the electromagnetic field on matter is balanced by an equal and opposite force from matter on the field. We generally speak only of forces…
The problem of the `infinite energy' of a point charge is well known in connection with the Lorentz--Abraham--Dirac equation and, more significantly, in quantum electrodynamics. Though it is not stated usually, this is strongly related to…
We review in the present article the conjecture of electromagnetic mass by Lorentz. The philosophical perspectives and historical accounts of this idea are described, especially, in the light of Einstein's special relativistic formula {E =…
Light in a dielectric medium moves slower than in vacuum. The corresponding electromagnetic field equations are then no longer invariant under ordinary Lorentz transformations, but only under such transformations corresponding to this…
Whereas nonrelativistic mechanics always connects the total momentum of a system to the motion of the center of mass, relativistic systems, such as interacting electromagnetic charges, can have internal linear momentum in the absence of…
We introduce the concept of emergent electric field. This is distinguished from the fundamental one in that the emergent electric field directly appears in observations through the Lorentz force, while the latter enters the phase space as…
Standard formulae of classical electromagnetism for the forces between electric charges in motion derived from retarded potentials are compared with those obtained from a recently developed relativistic classical electrodynamic theory with…
Using the Einstein energy-mass relation and a concept of cross-correlating material unit-fields (pp. 1-148), the quantum equation for united gravitation and electromagnetism is derived (pp. 148-164). The unified equation yields all known…
In quantum gauge theory of gravity, the gravitational field is represented by gravitational gauge field. The field strength of gravitational gauge field has both gravitational electric component and gravitational magnetic component. In…