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We conduct numerical experiments to determine the density probability distribution function (PDF) produced in supersonic, isothermal, self-gravitating turbulence of the sort that is ubiquitous in star-forming molecular clouds. Our…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2021-08-10 Shivan Khullar , Christoph Federrath , Mark R. Krumholz , Christopher D. Matzner

Volume and column density PDFs in molecular clouds are important diagnostics for understanding their general structure. We developed a novel approach to trace the cloud structure by varying the lower PDF cut-off and exploring a suggested…

Solar and Stellar Astrophysics · Physics 2013-08-02 Orlin Stanchev , Sava Donkov , Todor V. Veltchev , Rahul Shetty

Describing how the properties of the interstellar medium combine across size-scales is crucial for understanding star formation scaling laws and connecting Galactic and extragalactic data of molecular clouds. We describe how the statistical…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2021-09-15 Andri Spilker , Jouni Kainulainen , Jan Orkisz

We study the observable signatures of self-gravitating MHD turbulence by applying the probability density functions (PDFs) and the spatial density power spectrum to synthetic column density maps. We find that there exists three…

Solar and Stellar Astrophysics · Physics 2015-08-06 Blakesley Burkhart , David C. Collins , Alex Lazarian

We characterize the column density probability distributions functions (PDFs) of the atomic hydrogen gas, HI, associated with seven Galactic molecular clouds (MCs). We use 21 cm observations from the Leiden/Argentine/Bonn Galactic HI Survey…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2016-10-05 Nia Imara , Blakesley Burkhart

We derive an analytical theory of the PDF of density fluctuations in supersonic turbulence in the presence of gravity in star-forming clouds. The theory is based on a rigorous derivation of a combination of the Navier-Stokes continuity…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2020-11-11 Etienne Jaupart , Gilles Chabrier

Probability distribution functions (PDFs) of column densities are an established tool to characterize the evolutionary state of interstellar clouds. Using simulations, we show to what degree their determination is affected by noise,…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2016-05-25 Volker Ossenkopf-Okada , Timea Csengeri , Nicola Schneider , Christoph Federrath , Ralf S. Klessen

We present N-PDFs of 29 Galactic regions obtained from Herschel imaging at high angular resolution, covering diffuse and quiescent clouds, and those showing low-, intermediate-, and high-mass star formation (SF), and characterize the cloud…

Molecular clouds exhibit lognormal probability density functions (PDF) of mass densities, which are thought to arise as a consequence of isothermal, supersonic turbulence. Star formation is then widely assumed to occur in perturbations in…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2018-10-10 Evan Scannapieco , Mohammadtaher Safarzadeh

We have obtained column density maps for an unbiased sample of 120 molecular clouds in the third quadrant of the Milky Way mid-plane (b$\le |5|^{\circ}$) within the galactic longitude range from 195$^{\circ}$ to 225$^{\circ}$, using the…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2022-08-31 Yuehui Ma , Hongchi Wang , Miaomiao Zhang , Chen Wang , Shaobo Zhang , Yao Liu , Chong Li , Yuqing Zheng , Lixia Yuan , Ji Yang

We analyse extinction maps of nearby Giant Molecular Clouds to forge a link between driving processes of turbulence and modes of star formation. Our investigation focuses on cloud structure in the column density range above the self…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2015-05-28 J. Rowles , D. Froebrich

The formation of stars shapes the structure and evolution of entire galaxies. The rate and efficiency of this process are affected substantially by the density structure of the individual molecular clouds in which stars form. The most…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2015-06-19 Jouni Kainulainen , Christoph Federrath , Thomas Henning

A physical model and two-dimensional numerical method for computing the evolution and spectra of protostellar clouds are described. The physical model is based on a system of magneto-gasdynamical equations, including ohmic and ambipolar…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2015-05-13 A. G. Zhilkin , Ya. N. Pavlyuchenkov , S. N. Zamozdra

We use a suite of 3D simulations of star-forming molecular clouds, with and without stellar feedback and magnetic fields, to investigate the effectiveness of different fitting methods for volume and column density probability distribution…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2023-05-22 Avery Kiihne , Sabrina M. Appel , Blakesley Burkhart , Vadim A. Semenov , Christoph Federrath

The column density probability distribution function (N-PDF) of GMCs has been used as a diagnostic of star formation. Simulations and analytic predictions have suggested the N-PDF is composed of a low density lognormal component and a high…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2018-09-27 Hope Chen , Blakesley Burkhart , Alyssa A. Goodman , David C. Collins

We review the progress that has been made in observing and analyzing molecular cloud structure in recent years. Structures are self-similar over a wide range of scales with similar power law indices independent of the star forming nature of…

Astrophysics · Physics 2007-05-23 Jonathan P. Williams , Leo Blitz , Christopher F. McKee

Constraining the physical and chemical evolution of molecular clouds is essential to our understanding of star formation. These investigations often necessitate knowledge of some local representative number density of the gas along the line…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2025-04-02 Brandt A. L. Gaches , Michael Y. Grudić

I describe the scenario of molecular cloud (MC) evolution that has emerged over the past decade or so. MCs can start out as cold atomic clouds formed by compressive motions in the warm neutral medium (WNM) of galaxies. Such motions can be…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2010-09-22 Enrique Vazquez-Semadeni

We analyse column density and temperature maps derived from Herschel dust continuum observations of a sample of massive infrared dark clouds (G11.11-0.12, G18.82-0.28, G28.37+0.07, G28.53-0.25). We disentangle the velocity structure of the…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2015-05-27 N. Schneider , T. Csengeri , R. S. Klessen , P. Tremblin , V. Ossenkopf , N. Peretto , R. Simon , S. Bontemps , C. Federrath

Stars form within molecular clouds but our understanding of this fundamental process remains hampered by the complexity of the physics that drives their evolution. We review our observational and theoretical knowledge of molecular clouds…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2015-06-12 Patrick Hennebelle , Edith Falgarone