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A coherent transmission methodology for a continuous-variable quantum key distribution (CV-QKD) system based on quantum-heterodyne measurement through a coherent intradyne receiver is experimentally demonstrated in the framework of 5G…

We present a quantum code-division multiple-access (q-CDMA) framework for multiuser continuous-variable quantum key distribution (CV-QKD) over a shared quantum channel. The proposed architecture employs chaotic phase shifters to encode and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-16 Shahnoor Ali , Neel Kanth Kundu , Sourav Chatterjee

Continuous-variable (CV) quantum key distribution (QKD) allows for quantum secure communication with the benefit of being close to existing classical coherent communication. In recent years, CV QKD protocols using a discrete number of…

The Gaussian modulated continuous variable quantum key distribution (GM-CVQKD) protocol is known to maximise the mutual information between two parties during quantum key distribution (QKD). An alternative modulation scheme is the discrete…

We investigate the performance of continuous-variable (CV) quantum communication systems employing diversity schemes to mitigate the effects of realistic channel conditions, including Gaussian lossy channels, fading, and crosstalk. By…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-09-09 Seid Koudia , Leonardo Oleynik , Mert Bayraktar , Junaid ur Rehman , Symeon Chatzinotas

Excess noise is a major obstacle to high-performance continuous-variable quantum key distribution (CVQKD), which is mainly derived from the amplitude attenuation and phase fluctuation of quantum signals caused by channel instability. Here,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-07-22 Kexin Liang , Geng Chai , Zhengwen Cao , Qing Wang , Lei Wang , Jinye Peng

Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) is a prominent application in the field of quantum cryptography providing information-theoretic security for secret key exchange. The implementation of QKD systems on photonic integrated circuits (PICs) can…

Continuous-variable quantum key distribution (CV-QKD) enables two remote parties to establish information-theoretically secure keys and offers high practical feasibility due to its compatibility with mature coherent optical communication…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-18 Yanhao Sun , Jiayu Ma , Xiangyu Wang , Song Yu , Ziyang Chen , Hong Guo

Most quantum key distribution (QKD) protocols can be classified as either a discrete-variable (DV) protocol or continuous-variable (CV) protocol, based on how classical information is being encoded. We propose a protocol that combines the…

A fully general approach to the security analysis of continuous-variable quantum key distribution (CV-QKD) is presented. Provided that the quantum channel is estimated via the covariance matrix of the quadratures, Gaussian attacks are shown…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-13 Raul Garcia-Patron , Nicolas J. Cerf

Quantum key distribution (QKD) enables two remote parties to grow a shared key which they can use for unconditionally secure communication [1]. The applicable distance of a QKD protocol depends on the loss and the excess noise of the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2012-10-08 Lars S. Madsen , Vladyslav C. Usenko , Mikael Lassen , Radim Filip , Ulrik L. Andersen

Establishing secure data communication necessitates secure key exchange over a public channel. Quantum key distribution (QKD), which leverages the principles of quantum physics, can achieve this with information-theoretic security. The…

We present a continuous variable (CV) quantum key distribution (QKD) scheme based on the CV quantum teleportation of coherent states that yields a raw secret key made up of discrete variables for both Alice and Bob. This protocol preserves…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-01-31 F. S. Luiz , Gustavo Rigolin

The secure transfer of information is critical for the ever-increasing demands of the digital world. Continuous-variable quantum key distribution (CV-QKD) is a technology that can potentially provide information-theoretic security to…

The method of improving the performance of continuous-variable quantum key distribution protocols by post-selection has been recently proposed and verified. In continuous-variable measurement-device-independent quantum key distribution…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-04-30 Yijia Zhao , Yi-Chen Zhang , Bingjie Xu , Song Yu , Hong Guo

We introduce noise-adaptive quantum key distribution (QKD) protocols, in which the honest parties optimize the encoding (state preparation) and decoding (measurement basis) operations according to the noise models affecting the honest…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-28 Abinash Kar , Ayan Patra , Aditi Sen De , Tamoghna Das

Continuous-variable quantum key distribution (CV-QKD) has emerged as a promising approach for secure quantum communication, offering advantages such as high key generation rates, compatibility with standard telecommunication infrastructure,…

Continuous-variable (CV) quantum key distribution (QKD) employs the quadratures of a bosonic mode to establish a secret key between two remote parties, and this is usually achieved via a Gaussian modulation of coherent states. The resulting…

Quantum key distribution (QKD) is the best candidate for securing communications against attackers, who may in the future exploit quantum-enhanced computational powers to break classical encryption. As such, new challenges are arising from…

Here, we demonstrate that a practical Continuous Variables Quantum Key Distribution (CVQKD) protocol relying on the Gaussian modulation of coherent states features secret key rates that cannot be achieved with standard qubit Discrete…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-10-24 Paul Jouguet , David Elkouss , Sébastien Kunz-Jacques