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In 1994, Reck et al. showed how to realize any unitary transformation on a single photon using a product of beamsplitters and phaseshifters. Here we show that any single beamsplitter that nontrivially mixes two modes, also densely generates…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2014-06-18 Adam Bouland , Scott Aaronson

We show that certain determinantal functions of multiple matrices, when summed over the symmetries of the cube, decompose into functions of the original matrices. These are shown to be true in complete generality; that is, no properties of…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2016-07-25 Adam W. Marcus

This note contains a short proof of a classical result: any rational symplectic matrix can be put in diagonal form after right and left multiplication by integral symplectic matrices.

Group Theory · Mathematics 2023-01-16 Yves Benoist

Recent investigations suggest that the discrete linear unitary group $U(N)$ can be represented by interlacing a finite sequence of diagonal phase operations with an intervening unitary operator. However, despite rigorous numerical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-06-12 Matthew Markowitz , Mohammad-Ali Miri , Alexey Ovchinnikov , Kevin Zelaya

Let $\Omega_n$ denote the class of $n \times n$ doubly stochastic matrices (each such matrix is entrywise nonnegative and every row and column sum is 1). We study the diagonals of matrices in $\Omega_n$. The main question is: which $A \in…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2021-01-13 Richard A. Brualdi , Geir Dahl

For a given nonnegative matrix $A=(A_{ij})$, the matrix scaling problem asks whether $A$ can be scaled to a doubly stochastic matrix $D_1AD_2$ for some positive diagonal matrices $D_1,D_2$.The Sinkhorn algorithm is a simple iterative…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2023-06-19 Koyo Hayashi , Hiroshi Hirai , Keiya Sakabe

This paper studies the unitary diagonalization of matrices over formal power series rings. Our main result shows that a normal matrix is unitarily diagonalizable if and only if its minimal polynomial completely splits over the ring and the…

Commutative Algebra · Mathematics 2026-02-10 Zihao Dai , Hao Liang , Jingyu Lu , Lihong Zhi

We study copositive matrices which admit a decomposition into a sum of a positive semidefinite matrix and a matrix with nonnegative entries. Our main result shows that if the off-diagonal entries of a copositive matrix are nondecreasing in…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-05-18 Grigoriy Blekherman , Santanu S. Dey , Alex Dunbar , Burak Kocuk

An elementary proof of the two-sidedness of the matrix-inverse is given using only linear independence and the reduced row-echelon form of a matrix. In addition, it is shown that a matrix is invertible if and only if it is row-equivalent to…

History and Overview · Mathematics 2018-08-15 Pietro Paparella

In this work, we adapt Sinkhorn-Knopp theorem for rectangular positive maps $(T:M_k\rightarrow M_m)$. We extend their concepts of support and total support to these maps. We show that a positive map $T:M_k\rightarrow M_m$ is equivalent to a…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2018-02-27 Daniel Cariello

It is well known that a set of non-defect matrices can be simultaneously diagonalized if and only if the matrices commute. In the case of non-commuting matrices, the best that can be achieved is simultaneous block diagonalization. Here we…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2021-02-03 Ingolf Bischer , Christian Döring , Andreas Trautner

For any unitary matrix there exists a ZXZ decomposition, according to a theorem by Idel and Wolf. For any even-dimensional unitary matrix there exists a block-ZXZ decomposition, according to a theorem by F\"uhr and Rzeszotnik. We conjecture…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-12-02 Alexis De Vos , Martin Idel , Stijn De Baerdemacker

The matrix scaling problem, particularly the Sinkhorn-Knopp algorithm, has been studied for over 60 years. In practice, the algorithm often yields high-quality approximations within just a few iterations. Theoretically, however, the…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2025-08-12 Kun He

The McCarty Conjecture states that any McCarty Matrix (an $n\times n$ matrix $A$ with positive integer entries and each of the $2n$ row and column sums equal to $n$), can be additively decomposed into two other matrices, $B$ and $C$, such…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-05-08 Anant Godbole , Lybitina Koene , Grant Shirley

We consider the canonical Wiener-Hopf factorisation of $2 \times 2$ symmetric matrices $\mathcal M$ with respect to a contour $\Gamma$. For the case that the quotient $q$ of the two diagonal elements of $\mathcal M$ is a rational function,…

Functional Analysis · Mathematics 2026-05-08 M. Cristina Câmara , Gabriel Lopes Cardoso

We prove the decomposition of arbitrary diagonal operators into tensor and matrix products of smaller matrices, focusing on the analytic structure of the resulting formulas and their inherent symmetries. Diagrammatic representations are…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-15 M. M. Fedin , A. A. Morozov

A novel factorization for the sum of two single-pair matrices is established as product of lower-triangular, tridiagonal, and upper-triangular matrices, leading to semi-closed-form formulas for tridiagonal matrix inversion. Subsequent…

Rings and Algebras · Mathematics 2024-03-01 Sebastien Bossu

We consider modified Laplacian matrices of graphs, obtained by adding the identity matrix to the Laplacian matrix $L_G$ of a graph $G$. This results in a positive definite matrix $\tilde{L}_G$. The inverse of $\tilde{L}_G$ is a doubly…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-09-24 Enide Andrade , Geir Dahl

We study regular inclusions of finite-dimensional von Neumann algebras from a matrix-theoretic perspective. To this end, we introduce a new combinatorial invariant of an inclusion, called the normalizer matrix, which encodes the structure…

Operator Algebras · Mathematics 2026-02-18 Keshab Chandra Bakshi , Silambarasan C

It is known that the set of all solutions of a commutant lifting and other interpolation problems admits a Redheffer linear-fractional parametrization. The method of unitary coupling identifies solutions of the lifting problem with minimal…

Functional Analysis · Mathematics 2010-04-06 Joseph A. Ball , Alexander Kheifets