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We investigated the temporal distribution of goals in soccer using event-level data from 3,433 matches across 21 leagues and competitions. Contrary to the prevailing notion of randomness, we found that the probability of a goal being scored…

In soccer, game context can result in skewing offensive statistics in ways that might misrepresent how well a team has played. For instance, in England's 1-2 loss to France in the 2022 FIFA World Cup quarterfinal, England attempted…

Applications · Statistics 2025-08-07 Andrey Skripnikov , Ahmet Cemek , David Gillman

Football forecasting models traditionally rate teams on past match results, that is based on the number of goals scored. Goals, however, involve a high element of chance and thus past results often do not reflect the performances of the…

Applications · Statistics 2021-01-07 Edward Wheatcroft , Ewelina Sienkiewicz

This paper develops a general framework for stochastic modeling of goals and other events in football (soccer) matches. The events are modelled as Cox processes (doubly stochastic Poisson processes) where the event intensities may depend on…

We analyse the distributions of the number of goals scored by home teams, away teams, and the total scored in the match, in domestic football games from 169 countries between 1999 and 2001. The probability density functions (PDFs) of goals…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2009-11-07 J. Greenhough , P. C. Birch , S. C. Chapman , G. Rowlands

The Football World Cup as world's favorite sporting event is a source of both entertainment and overwhelming amount of data about the games played. In this paper we analyse the available data on football world championships since 1930 until…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2015-04-22 Verica Lazova , Lasko Basnarkov

Models in which the number of goals scored by a team in a soccer match follow a Poisson distribution, or a closely related one, have been widely discussed. We here consider a soccer match as an experiment to assess which of two teams is…

Physics and Society · Physics 2009-09-29 G. K. Skinner , G. H. Freeman

In this paper, a new continuous scoring system for soccer is proposed, based on the proportion of time that a team is winning, losing or tied. Several simulations are made applying this technique to complete seasons of different leagues. As…

Applications · Statistics 2018-03-22 Manuel Cruz , Sandra Ramos , Miguel Pinho

Analyzing football score data with statistical techniques, we investigate how the not purely random, but highly co-operative nature of the game is reflected in averaged properties such as the probability distributions of scored goals for…

Physics and Society · Physics 2009-04-02 Elmar Bittner , Andreas Nussbaumer , Wolfhard Janke , Martin Weigel

Scoring goals in a soccer match can be interpreted as a stochastic process. In the most simple description of a soccer match one assumes that scoring goals can be described by a constant goal rate for each team, implying simple Poissonian…

Data Analysis, Statistics and Probability · Physics 2012-07-19 Andreas Heuer , Oliver Rubner

Premier League is known as one of the most competitive football league in the world, hence there are many goals are scored here every match. Which are the factors that affect to the number of goal scored in each match? We use Poisson…

Applications · Statistics 2021-08-22 Cuong Pham , Tung Le

We investigate the relation between the number of passes made by a football team and the number of goals. We analyze the 380 matches of a complete season of the Spanish national league "LaLiga" (2018/2019). We observe how the number of…

Physics and Society · Physics 2020-07-23 D. R. Antequera , D. Garrido , I. Echegoyen , R. Lopez del Campo , R. Resta Serra , J. M. Buldu

The English Premier League is well-known for being not only one of the most popular professional sports leagues in the world, but also one of the toughest competitions to predict. The first purpose of this research was to verify the…

Applications · Statistics 2022-01-05 Quang Nguyen

Penalties are fraught and game-changing moments in soccer games that teams explicitly prepare for. Consequently, there has been substantial interest in analyzing them in order to provide advice to practitioners. From a data science…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-02 Lotte Bransen , Tim Janssen , Jesse Davis

The effect of increasing goal mouth size on the number of goals scored in a football match is discussed in a very preliminary and simple way, considering elastic collisions of the ball with the posts. The result is obtained on the basis of…

Physics and Society · Physics 2007-05-23 J. Mira

The non-scientific event of a soccer match is analysed on a strictly scientific level. The analysis is based on the recently introduced concept of a team fitness (Eur. Phys. J. B 67, 445, 2009) and requires the use of finite-size scaling. A…

Data Analysis, Statistics and Probability · Physics 2010-03-03 Andreas Heuer , Christian Mueller , Oliver Rubner

Qualifications for several world championships in sports are organised such that distinct sets of teams play in their own tournament for a predetermined number of slots. Inspired by a recent work studying the problem with the tools from the…

General Economics · Economics 2025-01-07 László Csató , László Marcell Kiss , Zsombor Szádoczki

In this paper we apply survival techniques to soccer data, treating a goal scoring as the event of interest. It specifically concerns the relationship between the time of the first goal in the game and the time of the second goal. In order…

Applications · Statistics 2012-07-31 Daniel Nevo , Ya'acov Ritov

This paper considers the use of observed and predicted match statistics as inputs to forecasts of the outcomes of football matches. It is shown that, were it possible to know the match statistics in advance, highly informative forecasts of…

Applications · Statistics 2020-01-27 Edward Wheatcroft

We present an extensive statistical analysis of the results of all sports competitions in five major sports leagues in England and the United States. We characterize the parity among teams by the variance in the winning fraction from…

Data Analysis, Statistics and Probability · Physics 2007-05-23 E. Ben-Naim , F. Vazquez , S. Redner
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