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We searched for an isotropic stochastic gravitational wave background in the second data release of the International Pulsar Timing Array, a global collaboration synthesizing decadal-length pulsar-timing campaigns in North America, Europe,…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2022-01-12 J. Antoniadis , Z. Arzoumanian , S. Babak , M. Bailes , A. -S. Bak Nielsen , P. T. Baker , C. G. Bassa , B. Becsy , A. Berthereau , M. Bonetti , A. Brazier , P. R. Brook , M. Burgay , S. Burke-Spolaor , R. N. Caballero , J. A. Casey-Clyde , A. Chalumeau , D. J. Champion , M. Charisi , S. Chatterjee , S. Chen , I. Cognard , J. M. Cordes , N. J. Cornish , F. Crawford , H. T. Cromartie , K. Crowter , S. Dai , M. E. DeCesar , P. B. Demorest , G. Desvignes , T. Dolch , B. Drachler , M. Falxa , E. C. Ferrara , W. Fiore , E. Fonseca , J. R. Gair , N. Garver-Daniels , B. Goncharov , D. C. Good , E. Graikou , L. Guillemot , Y. J. Guo , J. S. Hazboun , G. Hobbs , H. Hu , K. Islo , G. H. Janssen , R. J. Jennings , A. D. Johnson , M. L. Jones , A. R. Kaiser , D. L. Kaplan , R. Karuppusamy , M. J. Keith , L. Z. Kelley , M. Kerr , J. S. Key , M. Kramer , M. T. Lam , W. G. Lamb , T. J. W. Lazio , K. J. Lee , L. Lentati , K. Liu , J. Luo , R. S. Lynch , A. G. Lyne , D. R. Madison , R. A. Main , R. N. Manchester , A. McEwen , J. W. McKee , M. A. McLaughlin , M. B. Mickaliger , C. M. F. Mingarelli , C. Ng , D. J. Nice , S. Os lowski , A. Parthasarathy , T. T. Pennucci , B. B. P. Perera , D. Perrodin , A. Petiteau , N. S. Pol , N. K. Porayko , A. Possenti , S. M. Ransom , P. S. Ray , D. J. Reardon , C. J. Russell , A. Samajdar , L. M. Sampson , S. Sanidas , J. M. Sarkissian , K. Schmitz , L. Schult , A. Sesana , G. Shaifullah , R. M. Shannon , B. J. Shapiro-Albert , X. Siemens , J. Simon , T. L. Smith , L. Speri , R. Spiewak , I. H. Stairs , B. W. Stappers , D. R. Stinebring , J. K. Swiggum , S. R. Taylor , G. Theureau , C. Tiburzi , M. Vallisneri , E. van der Wateren , A. Vecchio , J. P. W. Verbiest , S. J. Vigeland , H. Wahl , J. B. Wang , J. Wang , L. Wang , C. A. Witt , S. Zhang , X. J. Zhu

One of the most promising targets for Pulsar Timing Arrays (PTAs) is identifying an individual supermassive black hole binary (SMBHB) out of the population of binaries theorized to produce a gravitational wave background (GWB). In this…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2026-04-21 Levi Schult , Polina Petrov , Stephen R. Taylor , Nihan Pol , Nima Laal , Maria Charisi , Chung-Pei Ma

We present a detailed analysis of the International Pulsar Timing Array (IPTA) Second Mock Data Challenge. We tested our analysis methods using the open datasets, and then analyzed the closed datasets. In both the open and the closed…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2020-01-01 P. T. Baker , P. R. Brook , W. C. Fiore , N. Garver-Daniels , A. R. Kaiser , M. T. Lam , B. J. Shapiro-Albert , C. A. Witt

We perform searches for gravitational wave memory in the data of two major Pulsar Timing Array (PTA) experiments located in Europe and Australia. Supermassive black hole binaries (SMBHBs) are the primary sources of gravitational waves in…

The stochastic gravitational-wave background is imprinted on the times of arrival of radio pulses from millisecond pulsars. Traditional pulsar timing analyses fit a timing model to each pulsar and search the residuals of the fit for a…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2023-11-13 William DeRocco , Jeff A. Dror

Pulsar timing arrays (PTAs) are Galactic-scale nanohertz-frequency gravitational wave (GW) detectors. Recently, several PTAs have found evidence for the presence of GWs in their datasets, but none of them have achieved a community-defined…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2025-10-06 Pratyasha Gitika , Ryan M. Shannon , Matthew Bailes , Daniel J. Reardon , Matthew T. Miles , David J. Champion , Kathrin Grunthal

The first direct detection of gravitational waves may be made through observations of pulsars. The principal aim of pulsar timing array projects being carried out worldwide is to detect ultra-low frequency gravitational waves (f ~ 10^-9 to…

The observation of massive black hole binaries (MBHBs) with Pulsar Timing Arrays (PTAs) is one of the goals of gravitational wave astronomy in the coming years. Massive (>10^8 solar masses) and low-redshift (< 1.5) sources are expected to…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2010-05-19 Alberto Sesana , Alberto Vecchio

The North American Nanohertz Observatory for Gravitational Waves (NANOGrav) project currently observes 43 pulsars using the Green Bank and Arecibo radio telescopes. In this work we use a subset of 17 pulsars timed for a span of roughly five…

A "pulsar timing array" (PTA), in which observations of a large sample of pulsars spread across the celestial sphere are combined, allows investigation of "global" phenomena such as a background of gravitational waves or instabilities in…

Pulsar timing arrays (PTAs) will enable the detection of nanohertz gravitational waves (GWs) from a population of supermassive binary black holes (SMBBHs) in the next $\sim 3-7$ years. In addition, PTAs provide a rare opportunity to probe…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2019-07-12 Xavier Siemens , Jeffrey S. Hazboun , Paul T. Baker , Sarah Burke-Spolaor , Dustin Madison , Chiara Mingarelli , Joseph Simon , Tristan Smith

Pulsar timing array collaborations, such as the North American Nanohertz Observatory for Gravitational Waves (NANOGrav), are seeking to detect nanohertz gravitational waves emitted by supermassive black hole binaries formed in the aftermath…

Pulsar Timing Array (PTA) observations have recently gathered substantial evidence for the existence of a gravitational wave background in the nHz frequency band. Searching for anisotropies in this signal is key to determining its origin,…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2024-09-02 Paul Frederik Depta , Valerie Domcke , Gabriele Franciolini , Mauro Pieroni

We describe a novel, very fast and robust, directed search incoherent method for periodic gravitational waves (GWs) from neutron stars in binary systems. As directed search, we assume the source sky position to be known with enough…

Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics · Physics 2017-06-07 Paola Leaci , Pia Astone , Sabrina D'Antonio , Sergio Frasca , Cristiano Palomba , Ornella Piccinni , Simone Mastrogiovanni

Context. The early phase of the coalescence of supermassive black hole (SMBH) binaries from their host galaxies provides a guaranteed source of low-frequency (nHz-$\mu$Hz) gravitational wave (GW) radiation by pulsar timing observations.…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2012-03-28 Jinzhong Liu , Yu Zhang , Hailong Zhang , Yutao Sun , Na Wang

We examine the nHz gravitational wave (GW) foreground of stars and black holes (BHs) orbiting SgrA* in the Galactic Center. A cusp of stars and BHs generates a continuous GW spectrum below 40 nHz; individual BHs within 1 mpc to SgrA* stick…

Astrophysics of Galaxies · Physics 2015-05-30 Bence Kocsis , Alak Ray , Simon Portegies Zwart

With the strong evidence for a gravitational wave (GW) background in the nanohertz frequency band from pulsar timing arrays, the detection of continuous GWs from individual supermassive black hole binaries is already at the dawn. Utilizing…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2024-10-23 Dicong Liang , Siyuan Chen , Chao Zhang , Lijing Shao

Long-term precise timing of Galactic millisecond pulsars holds great promise for measuring the long-period (months-to-years) astrophysical gravitational waves. Several gravitational-wave observational programs, called Pulsar Timing Arrays…

Astrophysics · Physics 2009-11-13 Rutger van Haasteren , Yuri Levin , Patrick McDonald , Tingting Lu

Pulsar Timing Array (PTA) experiments have entered a new era with evidence for a nanoHertz gravitational wave background (GWB). This review describes the physics of detection, detailing the noise models and cross-correlation techniques…

High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena · Physics 2026-04-01 C. M. F. Mingarelli , J. A. Casey-Clyde , Y. T. Chang , E. Eisenberg , F. Hutchison , N. Khusid , B. Larsen , A. Moran , F. Semenzato , L. Willson , Q. Zheng
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