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A graph H is a square root of a graph G if G can be obtained from H by adding an edge between any two vertices in H that are of distance 2. The Square Root problem is that of deciding whether a given graph admits a square root. This problem…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2016-08-30 Manfred Cochefert , Jean-François Couturier , Petr A. Golovach , Dieter Kratsch , Daniël Paulusma , Anthony Stewart

Simple games cover voting systems in which a single alternative, such as a bill or an amendment, is pitted against the status quo. A simple game or a yes-no voting system is a set of rules that specifies exactly which collections of ``yea''…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2008-03-05 Josep Freixas , Xavier Molinero , Martin Olsen , Maria Serna

We study a popular puzzle game known variously as Clickomania and Same Game. Basically, a rectangular grid of blocks is initially colored with some number of colors, and the player repeatedly removes a chosen connected monochromatic group…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2007-05-23 Therese C. Biedl , Erik D. Demaine , Martin L. Demaine , Rudolf Fleischer , Lars Jacobsen , J. Ian Munro

Wordle is a single-player word-guessing game where the goal is to discover a secret word $w$ that has been chosen from a dictionary $D$. In order to discover $w$, the player can make at most $\ell$ guesses, which must also be words from…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2022-05-17 Daniel Lokshtanov , Bernardo Subercaseaux

In this paper we introduce a new game; in this game there are two players who play as rival pirate gangs. The goal is to gather more treasure than your rival. The game is played on a graph and a player gathers treasure by moving to an…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2012-09-25 Fraser Stewart

Various forms of sorting problems have been studied over the years. Recently, two kinds of sorting puzzle apps are popularized. In these puzzles, we are given a set of bins filled with colored units, balls or water, and some empty bins.…

We study the complexity of solving two-player infinite duration games played on a fixed finite graph, where the control of a node is not predetermined but rather assigned randomly. In classic random-turn games, control of each node is…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Sarvin Bahmani , Rasmus Ibsen-Jensen , Soumyajit Paul , Sven Schewe , Friedrich Slivovsky , Qiyi Tang , Dominik Wojtczak , Shufang Zhu

We study the computational complexity of the popular board game backgammon. We show that deciding whether a player can win from a given board configuration is NP-Hard, PSPACE-Hard, and EXPTIME-Hard under different settings of known and…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2021-12-15 R. Teal Witter

This paper deals with sliding games, which are a variant of the better known pushpush game. On a given structure (grid, torus...), a robot can move in a specific set of directions, and stops when it hits a block or boundary of the…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2015-07-03 Paul Dorbec , Eric Duchêne , André Fabbri , Julien Moncel , Aline Parreau , Eric Sopena

Conway Checkers is a game played with a checker placed in each square of the lower half of an infinite checkerboard. Pieces move by jumping over an adjacent checker, removing the checker jumped over. Conway showed that it is not possible to…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-12-05 Glenn Bruda , Joseph Cooper , Kareem Jaber , Raul Marquez , Steven J. Miller

A new combinatorial game is given. It generalizes both Substraction and Nim. It is proved the computation of Nash equilibrium points in this new game is NP-hard.

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2024-08-27 Chunlei Liu

We prove that king chasing problem in Chinese Chess is NP-hard when generalized to $n\times n$ boards. `King chasing' is a frequently-used strategy in Chinese Chess, which means that the player has to continuously check the opponent in…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2026-04-03 Chao Li , Zhujun Zhang , Chao Yang

We analyze the computational complexity of several new variants of edge-matching puzzles. First we analyze inequality (instead of equality) constraints between adjacent tiles, proving the problem NP-complete for strict inequalities but…

We study a new reconfiguration problem inspired by classic mechanical puzzles: a colored token is placed on each vertex of a given graph; we are also given a set of distinguished cycles on the graph. We are tasked with rearranging the…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2020-09-24 Kwon Kham Sai , Ryuhei Uehara , Giovanni Viglietta

This paper proves that push-pull block puzzles in 3D are PSPACE-complete to solve, and push-pull block puzzles in 2D with thin walls are NP-hard to solve, settling an open question by Zubaran and Ritt. Push-pull block puzzles are a type of…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2017-09-06 Erik D. Demaine , Isaac Grosof , Jayson Lynch

We consider the complexity of problems related to the combinatorial game Free-Flood-It, in which players aim to make a coloured graph monochromatic with the minimum possible number of flooding operations. Although computing the minimum…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2015-03-18 Kitty Meeks , Alexander Scott

This paper extends the work started in 2002 by Demaine, Demaine and Verill (DDV) on coin-moving puzzles. These puzzles have a long history in the recreational literature, but were first systematically analyzed by DDV, who gave a full…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2023-07-14 Florian Galliot , Sylvain Gravier , Isabelle Sivignon

The \textsc{Housing Market} problem is a widely studied resource allocation problem. In this problem, each agent can only receive a single object and has preferences over all objects. Starting from an initial endowment, we want to reach a…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2020-07-23 Sen Huang , Mingyu Xiao

In this paper we introduce polytopal stochastic games, an extension of two-player, zero-sum, turn-based stochastic games, in which we may have uncertainty over the transition probabilities. In these games the uncertainty over the…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2025-02-26 Pablo F. Castro , Pedro D'Argenio

We study the computational complexity of controlling the result of an election by breaking ties strategically. This problem is equivalent to the problem of deciding the winner of an election under parallel universes tie-breaking. When the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2014-05-30 Nicholas Mattei , Nina Narodytska , Toby Walsh