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Taylor's law, also known as fluctuation scaling in physics and the power-law variance function in statistics, is an empirical pattern widely observed across fields including ecology, physics, finance, and epidemiology. It states that the…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2025-10-13 Pok Him Cheng , Joel E. Cohen , Hok Kan Ling , Sheung Chi Phillip Yam

Fat tailed statistics and power-laws are ubiquitous in many complex systems. Usually the appearance of of a few anomalously successful individuals (bio-species, investors, websites) is interpreted as reflecting some inherent "quality"…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2015-05-20 Yosef E. Maruvka , David A. Kessler , Nadav M. Shnerb

In this paper we are concerned with the analysis of heavy-tailed data when a portion of the extreme values is unavailable. This research was motivated by an analysis of the degree distributions in a large social network. The degree…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2018-12-20 Jingjing Zou , Richard A. Davis , Gennady Samorodnitsky

In risk management, tail risks are of crucial importance. The quality of a tail model, which is determined by data from an unknown distribution, depends critically on the subset of data used to model the tail. Based on a suitably weighted…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-01-19 Ingo Hoffmann , Christoph J. Börner

Power-law tails are ubiquitous in income distributions and in the energy distributions of diluted relativistic gases. We analyze the conceptual link between these two cases. In economic interactions fat tails arise because the richest…

General Physics · Physics 2016-01-25 G. Modanese

Diffusion models have emerged as powerful generative frameworks with widespread applications across machine learning and artificial intelligence systems. While current research has predominantly focused on linear diffusions, these…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-10-06 Kulunu Dharmakeerthi , Yousef El-Laham , Henry H. Wong , Vamsi K. Potluru , Changhong He , Taosong He

The size that an epidemic can reach, measured in terms of the number of fatalities, is an extremely relevant quantity. It has been recently claimed [Cirillo & Taleb, Nature Physics 2020] that the size distribution of major epidemics in…

Physics and Society · Physics 2021-03-18 Alvaro Corral

We propose a stochastic process driven by the memory effect with novel distributions which include both exponential and leptokurtic heavy-tailed distributions. A class of the distributions is analytically derived from the continuum limit of…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2012-03-27 Jongwook Kim , Teppei Okumura

Power law distributions, in particular Pareto distributions, describe data across diverse areas of study. We have developed a package in R to estimate the tail index for such datasets focusing on speed (in particular with large datasets),…

Methodology · Statistics 2020-06-19 Ranjiva Munasinghe , Pathum Kossinna , Dovini Jayasinghe , Dilanka Wijeratne

Probability distributions having power-law tails are observed in a broad range of social, economic, and biological systems. We describe here a potentially useful common framework. We derive distribution functions $\{p_k\}$ for situations in…

Physics and Society · Physics 2015-01-07 Jack Peterson , Purushottam D. Dixit , Ken A. Dill

Heavy-tailed distributions are frequently used to enhance the robustness of regression and classification methods to outliers in output space. Often, however, we are confronted with "outliers" in input space, which are isolated observations…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2010-06-24 Fabian L. Wauthier , Michael I. Jordan

In several applications, ultimately at the largest data, truncation effects can be observed when analysing tail characteristics of statistical distributions. In some cases truncation effects are forecasted through physical models such as…

Methodology · Statistics 2017-05-17 Jan Beirlant , Isabel Fraga Alves , Tom Reynkens

While scaling laws provide a reliable methodology for predicting train loss across compute scales for a single data distribution, less is known about how these predictions should change as we change the distribution. In this paper, we…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-21 David Brandfonbrener , Nikhil Anand , Nikhil Vyas , Eran Malach , Sham Kakade

In the study of heavy tail data, several models have been introduced. If the interest is in the tail of the distribution, block maxima or excess over thresholds are the typical approaches, wasting relevant information in the bulk of the…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-02-10 Luis E. Nieto-Barajas

The size distribution of planned and forced outages and following restoration times in power systems have been studied for almost two decades and has drawn great interest as they display heavy tails. Understanding of this phenomenon has…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2023-08-09 Bálint Hartmann , Shengfeng Deng , Géza Ódor , Jeffrey Kelling

Understanding the shape of a distribution of data is of interest to people in a great variety of fields, as it may affect the types of algorithms used for that data. We study one such problem in the framework of distribution property…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-06 Maryam Aliakbarpour , Amartya Shankha Biswas , Kavya Ravichandran , Ronitt Rubinfeld

This article introduces a non-parametric information-theoretic approach to inference about the tail of a continuous or a discrete distribution. Leveraging a new concept named tail profile -- a set of information-theoretic quantities…

Applications · Statistics 2025-03-19 Jialin Zhang , Zhiyi Zhang

The size or energy of diverse structures or phenomena in geoscience appears to follow power-law distributions. A rigorous statistical analysis of such observations is tricky, though. Observables can span several orders of magnitude, but the…

Geophysics · Physics 2019-04-29 Álvaro Corral , Álvaro González

In some fields of applications of stable distributions, especially in economics, it appears, that data have distributions similar to stable in a large region, but do not have such heavy tails. Our aim in this note is to propose several…

Probability · Mathematics 2014-03-17 Lenka Slámová , Lev B. Klebanov

Pareto distributions, and power laws in general, have demonstrated to be very useful models to describe very different phenomena, from physics to finance. In recent years, the econophysical literature has proposed a large amount of papers…

Methodology · Statistics 2015-06-16 Pasquale Cirillo