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The fragile nature of quantum information limits our ability to construct large quantities of quantum bits suitable for quantum computing. An important goal, therefore, is to minimize the amount of resources required to implement quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-04-11 Adam Paetznick , Austin G. Fowler

Exploring an efficient and scalable architecture of fault-tolerant quantum computing (FTQC) is vital for demonstrating useful quantum computing. Here, we propose and evaluate a scalable and practical architecture with a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-04-29 Rui Asaoka , Yasunari Suzuki , Yuuki Tokunaga

Quantum Variational Circuits (QVCs) are often claimed as one of the most potent uses of both near term and long term quantum hardware. The standard approaches to optimizing these circuits rely on a classical system to compute the new…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-02-11 Owen Lockwood

Reaching fault-tolerant quantum computation relies on the successful implementation of non-Clifford circuits with quantum error correction (QEC). In QEC, quantum gates and measurements encode quantum information into an error-protected…

Construction of explicit quantum circuits follows the notion of the "standard circuit model" introduced in the solid and profound analysis of elementary gates providing quantum computation. Nevertheless the model is not always optimal (e.g.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 K. Ch. Chatzisavvas , C. Daskaloyannis , C. P. Panos

Quantum computing holds the promise of solving problems intractable for classical computers, but practical large-scale quantum computation requires error correction to protect against errors. Fault-tolerant quantum computing (FTQC) enables…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-09-04 Meng Wang , Chenxu Liu , Sean Garner , Samuel Stein , Yufei Ding , Prashant J. Nair , Ang Li

Quantum computers promise to efficiently solve not only problems believed to be intractable for classical computers, but also problems for which verifying the solution is also considered intractable. This raises the question of how one can…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-07-10 Alexandru Gheorghiu , Theodoros Kapourniotis , Elham Kashefi

Intermediate-scale quantum devices are becoming more reliable, and may soon be harnessed to solve useful computational tasks. At the same time, common classical methods used to verify their computational output become intractable due to a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-07-03 Johannes Knörzer , Daniel Malz , J. Ignacio Cirac

The work proposes an extension of the quantum circuit formalism where qubits (wires) are circular instead of linear. The left-to-right interpretation of a quantum circuit is replaced by a circular representation which allows to select the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-04-12 Alexandru Paler

In fault-tolerant quantum computing, quantum algorithms are implemented through quantum circuits capable of error correction. These circuits are typically constructed based on specific quantum error correction codes, with consideration…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-03-13 Ying Li

Sensitivity to noise makes most of the current quantum computing schemes prone to error and nonscalable, allowing only for small proof-of-principle devices. Topologically-protected quantum computing aims at solving this problem by encoding…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2013-12-17 Helmut G. Katzgraber , Ruben S. Andrist

Equivalence checking of quantum circuits is a central verification task in quantum computing, ensuring the correctness of circuit optimizations, hardware mappings, and compilation pipelines. Among the primary symbolic methods for this…

Symbolic Computation · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Wei-Jia Huang , Christophe Chareton , Yu-Fang Chen , Kai-Min Chung , Min-Hsiu Hsieh , Alfons Laarman , Jingyi Mei

The path-integral approach to topological quantum error correction provides a unified way to construct and analyze fault-tolerant circuits in spacetime. In this work, we demonstrate its utility and versatility at hand of a simple example:…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-03-18 Andreas Bauer

Quantum circuits are the preferred formalism for expressing quantum information processing tasks. Quantum circuit design automation methods mostly use a waterfall approach and consider that high level circuit descriptions are hardware…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-11-12 Alexandru Paler , Austin G. Fowler , Robert Wille

Quantum computing (QC) offers a new computing paradigm that has the potential to provide significant speedups over classical computing. Each additional qubit doubles the size of the computational state space available to a quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-05-13 Wei Tang , Margaret Martonosi

Motivated by the recent success of realizing the topologically ordered ground state of the exactly solvable toric code model by a quantum circuit on the real quantum device [K. J. Satzinger {\it et al}., Science \textbf{374}, 1237 (2021)],…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-02-08 Rong-Yang Sun , Tomonori Shirakawa , Seiji Yunoki

The key obstacle to the realization of a scalable quantum computer is overcoming environmental and control errors. Topological quantum computation has attracted great attention because it has emerged as one of the most promising approaches…

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics · Physics 2023-09-12 Deyuan Zou , Naiqiao Pan , Tian Chen , Houjun Sun , Xiangdong Zhang

As state-of-the-art quantum computers are capable of running increasingly complex algorithms, the need for automated methods to design and test potential applications rises. Equivalence checking of quantum circuits is an important, yet…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-08-30 Tom Peham , Lukas Burgholzer , Robert Wille

Variational quantum algorithms have been introduced as a promising class of quantum-classical hybrid algorithms that can already be used with the noisy quantum computing hardware available today by employing parameterized quantum circuits.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-02-10 Tom Peham , Lukas Burgholzer , Robert Wille

Quantum error correction (QEC) is essential for building scalable quantum computers, but a lack of systematic, end-to-end evaluation methods makes it difficult to assess how different QEC codes perform under realistic conditions. The vast…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-04 Aleksandra Świerkowska , Jannik Pflieger , Emmanouil Giortamis , Pramod Bhatotia