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Propositional satisfiability (SAT) solvers, which typically operate using conjunctive normal form (CNF), have been successfully applied in many domains. However, in some application areas such as circuit verification, bounded model…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2013-11-19 Tero Laitinen , Tommi Junttila , Ilkka Niemelä

Instances of logical cryptanalysis, circuit verification, and bounded model checking can often be succinctly represented as a combined satisfiability (SAT) problem where an instance is a combination of traditional clauses and parity…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2012-09-11 Tero Laitinen , Tommi Junttila , Ilkka Niemelä

Over the last two decades, we have seen a dramatic improvement in the efficiency of conflict-driven clause-learning Boolean satisfiability (CDCL SAT) solvers on industrial problems from a variety of domains. The availability of such…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2020-05-28 Saeed Nejati , Vijay Ganesh

The practical success of Boolean Satisfiability (SAT) solvers stems from the CDCL (Conflict-Driven Clause Learning) approach to SAT solving. However, from a propositional proof complexity perspective, CDCL is no more powerful than the…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2017-07-06 Alexey Ignatiev , Antonio Morgado , Joao Marques-Silva

State-of-the-art SAT solvers are nowadays able to handle huge real-world instances. The key to this success is the so-called Conflict-Driven Clause-Learning (CDCL) scheme, which encompasses a number of techniques that exploit the conflicts…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-02-27 Robert Nieuwenhuis , Albert Oliveras , Enric Rodriguez-Carbonell

Boolean Satisfiability (SAT) is a well-known NP-complete problem. Despite this theoretical hardness, SAT solvers based on Conflict Driven Clause Learning (CDCL) can solve large SAT instances from many important domains. CDCL learns clauses…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-05-12 Md Solimul Chowdhury , Martin Müller , Jia You

Because CDCL produces proofs in the Resolution proof system, problems provably hard for Resolution are also provably hard for CDCL. Exponentially shorter proofs can sometimes be found using stronger proof systems such as…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2026-05-15 Paul Beame , Glenn Sun

We prove that there exists a deterministic configuration of Conflict Driven Clause Learning (CDCL) SAT solvers using a variant of the VSIDS branching heuristic that solves instances of the Ordering Principle (OP) CNF formulas in time…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2026-03-18 Sahil Samar , Marc Vinyals , Vijay Ganesh

This paper introduces the XOR-OR-AND normal form (XNF) for logical formulas. It is a generalization of the well-known Conjunctive Normal Form (CNF) where literals are replaced by XORs of literals. As a first theoretic result, we show that…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2024-10-25 Bernhard Andraschko , Julian Danner , Martin Kreuzer

We prove that conflict-driven clause learning SAT-solvers with the ordered decision strategy and the DECISION learning scheme are equivalent to ordered resolution. We also prove that, by replacing this learning scheme with its opposite that…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2019-09-11 Nathan Mull , Shuo Pang , Alexander Razborov

This paper defines the (first-order) conflict resolution calculus: an extension of the resolution calculus inspired by techniques used in modern SAT-solvers. The resolution inference is restricted to (first-order) unit-propagation and the…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2016-02-16 John Slaney , Bruno Woltzenlogel Paleo

Our work presents a novel reinforcement learning (RL) based framework to optimize heuristic selection within the conflict-driven clause learning (CDCL) process, improving the efficiency of Boolean satisfiability (SAT) solving. The proposed…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-05 Muyu Pan , Matthew Walter , Dheeraj Kodakandla , Mahfuza Farooque

Conflict-driven clause learning (CDCL) is a remarkably successful paradigm for solving the satisfiability problem of propositional logic. Instead of a simple depth-first backtracking approach, this kind of solver learns the reason behind…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-10-12 Tom Krüger , Jan-Hendrik Lorenz , Florian Wörz

Satisfiability (SAT) solvers based on techniques such as conflict driven clause learning (CDCL) have produced excellent performance on both synthetic and real world industrial problems. While these CDCL solvers only operate on a per-problem…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-18 Yi Fu , Anthony Tompkins , Yang Song , Maurice Pagnucco

Power side-channel attacks on AES exploit data-dependent physical leakage to recover secret keys, but turning noisy leakage observations into a verified AES-128 key remains a hard combinational search problem. SAT-assisted power…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-26 Walid El Maouaki , Alberto Marchisio , Muhammad Shafique

Applying pre- and inprocessing techniques to simplify CNF formulas both before and during search can considerably improve the performance of modern SAT solvers. These algorithms mostly aim at reducing the number of clauses, literals, and…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2013-10-18 Andreas Wotzlaw , Alexander van der Grinten , Ewald Speckenmeyer

Boolean satisfiability (SAT) solvers are widely used in hardware verification, cryptanalysis, automatic test-pattern generation, and side-channel reasoning workflows. Modern conflict-driven clause-learning (CDCL) solvers are highly…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-06 Melki Bino

Circuit Satisfiability (CSAT) plays a pivotal role in Electronic Design Automation. The standard workflow for solving CSAT problems converts circuits into Conjunctive Normal Form (CNF) and employs generic SAT solvers powered by…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-07 Jiaying Zhu , Ziyang Zheng , Zhengyuan Shi , Yalun Cai , Qiang Xu

Modern conflict-driven clause-learning (CDCL) Boolean SAT solvers provide efficient automatic analysis of real-world feature models (FM) of systems ranging from cars to operating systems. It is well-known that solver-based analysis of…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2015-07-30 Jia Hui Liang , Vijay Ganesh , Venkatesh Raman , Krzysztof Czarnecki

Local search preprocessing makes Conflict-Driven Clause Learning (CDCL) solvers faster by providing high-quality starting points and modern SAT solvers have incorporated this technique into their preprocessing steps. However, these tools…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-02-05 André Schidler , Stefan Szeider
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