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The brain can reproduce memories from partial data; this ability is critical for memory recall. The process of memory recall has been studied using auto-associative networks such as the Hopfield model. This kind of model reliably converges…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2016-05-18 James P. Roach , Leonard M Sander , Michal R. Zochowski

Place cells in the hippocampus are active when an animal visits a certain location (referred to as a place field) within an environment. Grid cells in the medial entorhinal cortex (MEC) respond at multiple locations, with firing fields that…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2018-05-17 David M. Schwartz , O. Ozan Koyluoglu

In the past three decades, many theoretical measures of complexity have been proposed to help understand complex systems. In this work, for the first time, we place these measures on a level playing field, to explore the qualitative…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2017-08-01 Maxinder S. Kanwal , Joshua A. Grochow , Nihat Ay

According to a recent information-theoretical proposal, the problem of defining and identifying communities in networks can be interpreted as a classical communication task over a noisy channel: memberships of nodes are information bits…

Physics and Society · Physics 2018-03-02 Filippo Radicchi

Recently a daily routine for associative neural networks has been proposed: the network Hebbian-learns during the awake state (thus behaving as a standard Hopfield model), then, during its sleep state, optimizing information storage, it…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2020-01-29 Elena Agliari , Francesco Alemanno , Adriano Barra , Alberto Fachechi

This paper proposes two projector-based Hopfield neural network (HNN) estimators for online, constrained parameter estimation under time-varying data, additive disturbances, and slowly drifting physical parameters. The first is a…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-12-03 Miguel Pedro Silva

Associative memory models, such as Hopfield networks and their modern variants, have garnered renewed interest due to advancements in memory capacity and connections with self-attention in transformers. In this work, we introduce a unified…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Saul Santos , Vlad Niculae , Daniel McNamee , André F. T. Martins

In this work we approach attractor neural networks from a machine learning perspective: we look for optimal network parameters by applying a gradient descent over a regularized loss function. Within this framework, the optimal…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-21 Elena Agliari , Francesco Alemanno , Miriam Aquaro , Alberto Fachechi

An important problem in neuroscience is to understand how brains extract relevant signals from mixtures of unknown sources, i.e., perform blind source separation. To model how the brain performs this task, we seek a biologically plausible…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-03-08 David Lipshutz , Cengiz Pehlevan , Dmitri B. Chklovskii

Federated learning enables collaborative training without sharing raw data, but struggles under client heterogeneity and streaming distribution shifts, where drift and novel data can impair convergence and cause forgetting. We propose a…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2026-03-23 Andrea Alessandrelli , Fabrizio Durante , Andrea Ladiana , Andrea Lepre

We study the stability and information encoding capacity of synchronized states in a neuronal network model that represents part of thalamic circuitry. Our model neurons have a Hodgkin-Huxley-type low threshold Calcium channel, display post…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2007-05-23 P. H. E. Tiesinga , Jorge V. José

Recent research has established a connection between modern Hopfield networks (HNs) and transformer attention heads, with guarantees of exponential storage capacity. However, these models still face challenges scaling storage efficiently.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-11 Saul Santos , António Farinhas , Daniel C. McNamee , André F. T. Martins

Binary Neural Networks (BNNs) significantly reduce computational complexity and memory usage in machine and deep learning by representing weights and activations with just one bit. However, most existing training algorithms for BNNs rely on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-08 Luca Colombo , Fabrizio Pittorino , Manuel Roveri

The human brain processes information showing learning and prediction abilities but the underlying neuronal mechanisms still remain unknown. Recently, many studies prove that neuronal networks are able of both generalizations and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2012-11-07 Antonio G. Zippo , Giuliana Gelsomino , Sara Nencini , Gabriele E. M. Biella

Learning compact binary codes for image retrieval problem using deep neural networks has recently attracted increasing attention. However, training deep hashing networks is challenging due to the binary constraints on the hash codes. In…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-09-02 Thanh-Toan Do , Tuan Hoang , Dang-Khoa Le Tan , Anh-Dzung Doan , Ngai-Man Cheung

Through a redefinition of patterns in an Hopfield-like model, we introduce and develop an approach to model discrete systems made up of many, interacting components with inner degrees of freedom. Our approach clarifies the intrinsic…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2015-05-19 Elena Agliari , Adriano Barra

We consider the problem of training a neural network to store a set of patterns with maximal noise robustness. A solution, in terms of optimal weights and state update rules, is derived by training each individual neuron to perform either…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-07-24 Georgios Iatropoulos , Johanni Brea , Wulfram Gerstner

The common thread behind the recent Nobel Prize in Physics to John Hopfield and those conferred to Giorgio Parisi in 2021 and Philip Anderson in 1977 is disorder. Quoting Philip Anderson: "more is different". This principle has been…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2025-10-16 Elena Agliari , Andrea Alessandrelli , Adriano Barra , Martino Salomone Centonze , Federico Ricci-Tersenghi

The set of the fixed points of the Hopfield type network is under investigation. The connection matrix of the network is constructed according to the Hebb rule from the set of memorized patterns which are treated as distorted copies of the…

Disordered Systems and Neural Networks · Physics 2009-10-31 Leonid B. Litinskii

The Hopfield network (HN) is a classical model of associative memory whose dynamics are closely related to the Ising spin system with 2-body interactions. Stored patterns are encoded as minima of an energy function shaped by a Hebbian…

Applied Physics · Physics 2025-09-23 Marco Cafiso , Paolo Paradisi