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We address the problem of closing the detection efficiency loophole in Bell experiments, which is crucial for real-world applications. Every Bell inequality has a critical detection efficiency $\eta$ that must be surpassed to avoid the…

In many quantum information applications, a minimum detection efficiency must be exceeded to ensure success. Protocols depending on the violation of a Bell inequality, for instance, may be subject to the so-called detection loophole:…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-06-29 Jochen Szangolies , Hermann Kampermann , Dagmar Bruß

This article provides a comprehensive review of the critical role of detection efficiency in demonstrating non-classicality across various device-independent and semi-device-independent scenarios. The central focus is the detection…

We study the problem of closing the detection loophole in three-qubit Bell tests, the experimentally most relevant case beyond the usual bipartite scenario, and show that the minimal detection efficiencies required can be considerably…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-08-12 Karoly F. Pal , Tamas Vertesi

We discuss the problem of finding the most favorable conditions for closing the detection loophole in a test of local realism with a Bell inequality. For a generic non-maximally entangled two-qubit state and two alternative measurement…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-05-14 G. Garbarino

The problem of closing the detection loophole in Bell tests is investigated in the presence of a limited number of efficient detectors using emblematic multipartite quantum states. To this end, a family of multipartite Bell inequalities is…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-08-17 Kamil Kostrzewa , Wieslaw Laskowski , Tamas Vertesi

We present an experimental implementation of the Pusey-Barrett-Rudolph (PBR) no-go theorem on IBM's 156-qubit Heron2 Marrakesh superconducting quantum processor. By preparing qubits in a set of non-orthogonal states and evolving them under…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-14 Songqinghao Yang , Haomu Yuan , Crispin H. W. Barnes

Pusey, Barrett and Rudolph (PBR) have recently given a completely novel argument that restricts the class of possible models for quantum phenomena (arXiv:1111.3328). In these notes the assumptions used by PBR are considerably weakened, to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2011-11-29 Michael J. W. Hall

The Pusey-Barrett-Rudolph theorem (PBR) claims to rule out the possibility of a purely statistical interpretation of the quantum state under an assumption of how to represent independent operations in any hidden variable model. We show that…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-12-06 Joseph Emerson , Dmitry Serbin , Chris Sutherland , Victor Veitch

Imperfect detection efficiency remains one of the major obstacles in achieving loophole-free Bell tests over long distances. At the same time, the challenge of establishing a common reference frame for measurements becomes more pronounced…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-07-21 Paweł Cieśliński , Tamás Vértesi , Mateusz Kowalczyk , Wiesław Laskowski

The Pusey-Barrett-Rudolph (PBR) no-go theorem provides an argument for the reality of the quantum state by ruling out {\psi}-epistemic ontological theories, in which the quantum state is of a statistical nature. It applies under an…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-02-28 Shane Mansfield

Recently, V\'{e}rtesi and Bene [Phys. Rev. A. {\bf 82}, 062115 (2010)] derived a two-qubit Bell inequality, $I_{CH3}$, which they show to be maximally violated only when more general positive operator valued measures (POVMs) are used…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-06-05 J. F. Barra , E. S. Gómez , G. Cañas , W. A. T. Nogueira , L. Neves , G. Lima

In this paper, we investigate the critical efficiency of detectors to observe Bell nonlocality using multiple copies of the maximally entangled two-qubit state carried by a single pair of particles, such as hyperentangled states, and the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-02-09 István Márton , Erika Bene , Tamás Vértesi

Distinguishing resource states from resource-free states is a fundamental task in quantum information. We have approached the state detection problem through a hypothesis testing framework, with the alternative hypothesis set comprising…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-09-30 Masahito Hayashi

The Pusey-Barrett-Rudolph (PBR) theorem deals with the realism of the quantum states. It establishes that every pure quantum state is real, in the context of quantum ontological models. Specifically, by guaranteeing the property of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-06-12 Andrés F. Ducuara , Cristian E. Susa , John H. Reina

The demonstration and use of nonlocality, as defined by Bell's theorem, rely strongly on dealing with non-detection events due to losses and detector inefficiencies. Otherwise, the so-called detection loophole could be exploited. The only…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2016-01-20 Gilles Pütz , Nicolas Gisin

The Pusey-Barrett-Rudolph theorem has recently provoked a lot of discussion regarding the reality of the quantum state. In this article we focus on a property called antidistinguishability, which is a main component in constructing the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-08-13 Teiko Heinosaari , Oskari Kerppo

An efficiency-loophole-free quantum key distribution (QKD) scheme is proposed, which involves no hardware change but a modification in the data post-processing step. The scheme applies to a generic class of detection systems which allow…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2008-12-24 Xiongfeng Ma , Tobias Moroder , Norbert Lütkenhaus

We show that the detection efficiencies required for closing the detection loophole in Bell tests can be significantly lowered using quantum systems of dimension larger than two. We introduce a series of asymmetric Bell tests for which an…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2010-02-22 Tamas Vertesi , Stefano Pironio , Nicolas Brunner

In this note we wish to demonstrate that the concept of efficiency loophole, as far as a local realistic model is concerned, is a self-defeating one since it implies that the static fields (for example, electric or gravitational) of and…

General Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 M. R. Mahdavi
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