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In 1983, Bouchet conjectured that every flow-admissible signed graph admits a nowhere-zero 6-flow. We verify this conjecture for the class of flow-admissible signed graphs possessing a spanning even Eulerian subgraph, which includes as a…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-10-10 Chao Wen , Qiang Sun , Chao Zhang

In this work we consider a generalization of graph flows. A graph flow is, in its simplest formulation, a labeling of the directed edges with real numbers subject to various constraints. A common constraint is conservation in a vertex,…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2021-09-15 Daniël M. H. van Gent

We prove that a connected graph contains a circuit---a closed walk that repeats no edges---through any $k$ prescribed edges if and only if it contains no odd cut of size at most $k$.

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2024-05-27 Paul Knappe , Max Pitz

This paper is devoted to a detailed study of nowhere-zero flows on signed eulerian graphs. We generalise the well-known fact about the existence of nowhere-zero $2$-flows in eulerian graphs by proving that every signed eulerian graph that…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2016-07-04 Edita Máčajová , Martin Škoviera

We generalize Tutte's integer flows and the $d$-dimensional Euclidean flows of Mattiolo, Mazzuoccolo, Rajn\'{i}k, and Tabarelli to \emph{$d$-dimensional $p$-normed nowhere-zero flows} and define the corresponding flow index $\phi_{d,p}(G)$…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2026-01-21 Chenxing Li , Jiaao Li , Rong Luo , Bo Su

Tutte initiated the study of nowhere-zero flows and proved the following fundamental theorem: For every graph $G$ there is a polynomial $f$ so that for every abelian group $\Gamma$ of order $n$, the number of nowhere-zero $\Gamma$-flows in…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2017-01-26 Matt DeVos , Edita Rollová , Robert Šámal

The presented paper studies the flow number $F(G,\sigma)$ of flow-admissible signed graphs $(G,\sigma)$ with two negative edges. We restrict our study to cubic graphs, because for each non-cubic signed graph $(G,\sigma)$ there is a set…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2016-04-28 Edita Rollová , Michael Schubert , Eckhard Steffen

We show that in any graph, the average length of a flow path in an electrical flow between the endpoints of a random edge is $O(\log^2 n)$. This is a consequence of a more general result which shows that the spectral norm of the entrywise…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2017-08-08 Aaron Schild , Satish Rao , Nikhil Srivastava

We prove that a signed graph admits a nowhere-zero $8$-flow provided that it is flow-admissible and the underlying graph admits a nowhere-zero $4$-flow. When combined with the 4-color theorem, this implies that every flow-admissible…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2024-02-21 Rong Luo , Edita Máčajová , Martin Škoviera , Cun-Quan Zhang

The study of nowhere-zero flows began with a key observation of Tutte that in planar graphs, nowhere-zero k-flows are dual to k-colourings (in the form of k-tensions). Tutte conjectured that every graph without a cut-edge has a nowhere-zero…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2013-11-01 Matt DeVos

Let $G$ be a graph. A zero-sum flow in $G$ is an assignment of nonzero real number to the edges such that the sum of the values of all edges incident with each vertex is zero. Let $k$ be naturel number. A zero-sum $k$-flow is a flow with…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2015-03-13 S. Akbari , N. Ghareghani , G. B. Khosrovshahi , S. Zare

Kirchhoff-type Laws for signed graphs are characterized by generalizing transpedances through the incidence-oriented structure of bidirected graphs. The classical $2$-arborescence interpretation of Tutte is shown to be equivalent to…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2020-09-29 Lucas J. Rusnak , Josephine Reynes , Skyler J. Johnson , Peter Ye

A signed graph $(G, \sigma)$ is a graph $G$ along with a function $\sigma: E(G) \to \{+,-\}$. A closed walk of a signed graph is positive (resp., negative) if it has an even (resp., odd) number of negative edges, counting repetitions. A…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2020-09-28 Julien Bensmail , Sandip Das , Soumen Nandi , Théo Pierron , Sagnik Sen , Eric Sopena

We generalize three classical characterizations of line graphs to line graphs of signed and gain graphs: the Krausz's characterization, the van Rooij and Wilf's characterization and the Beineke's characterization. In particular, we present…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2021-11-23 Matteo Cavaleri , Daniele D'Angeli , Alfredo Donno

An (r,alpha)-bounded excess flow ((r,alpha)-flow) in an orientation of a graph G=(V,E) is an assignment of a real "flow value" between 1 and r-1 to every edge. Rather than 0 as in an actual flow, some flow excess, which does not exceed…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2018-07-12 Michael Tarsi

Let $G$ be a graph. A zero-sum flow of $G$ is an assignment of non-zero real numbers to the edges of $G$ such that the sum of the values of all edges incident with each vertex is zero. Let $k$ be a natural number. A zero-sum $k$-flow is a…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2016-01-29 Fan Yang , Xiangwen Li

The total graph is built by joining the graph to its line graph by means of the incidences. We introduce a similar construction for signed graphs. Under two similar definitions of the line signed graph, we define the corresponding total…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2021-06-21 Francesco Belardo , Zoran Stanić , Thomas Zaslavsky

We introduce a notion of a girth-regular graph as a $k$-regular graph for which there exists a non-descending sequence $(a_1, a_2, \dots, a_k)$ (called the signature) giving, for every vertex $u$ of the graph, the number of girth cycles the…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2019-11-05 Primož Potočnik , Janoš Vidali

A $d$-dimensional nowhere-zero $r$-flow on a graph $G$, an $(r,d)$-NZF from now on, is a flow where the value on each edge is an element of $\mathbb{R}^d$ whose (Euclidean) norm lies in the interval $[1, r-1]$. Such a notion is a natural…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-10-23 Davide Mattiolo , Giuseppe Mazzuoccolo , Jozef Rajník , Gloria Tabarelli

A 1983 conjecture of Bouchet states that every flow-admissible signed graph has a nowhere-zero six-flow. We prove this conjecture for cyclically five-edge-connected, cubic signed graphs.

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2026-01-12 Kathryn Nurse