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Related papers: Constructive Geometry and the Parallel Postulate

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Projective geometry provides the preferred framework for most implementations of Euclidean space in graphics applications. Translations and rotations are both linear transformations in projective geometry, which helps when it comes to…

Computational Geometry · Computer Science 2007-05-23 Chris Doran , Anthony Lasenby , Joan Lasenby

We prove that the Euclidean plane is the only Riemannian plane with total curvature and free of conjugate points that satisfies Playfair's version of the parallel postulate.

Differential Geometry · Mathematics 2016-11-24 Jian Ge , Luis Guijarro , Pedro Solórzano

The book is designed for a semester-long course in Foundations of Geometry and meant to be rigorous, conservative, elementary and minimalist. List of topics: Euclidean geometry: The Axioms / Half-planes / Congruent triangles / Perpendicular…

History and Overview · Mathematics 2025-07-08 Anton Petrunin

Three different representation of the proper Euclidean geometry are considered. They differ in the number of basic elements, from which the geometrical objects are constructed. In E-representation there are three basic elements (point,…

General Mathematics · Mathematics 2011-03-03 Yuri A. Rylov

In the era of foundation models and Large Language Models (LLMs), Euclidean space has been the de facto geometric setting for machine learning architectures. However, recent literature has demonstrated that this choice comes with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-26 Neil He , Jiahong Liu , Buze Zhang , Ngoc Bui , Ali Maatouk , Menglin Yang , Irwin King , Melanie Weber , Rex Ying

By recasting metrical geometry in a purely algebraic setting, both Euclidean and non-Euclidean geometries can be studied over a general field with an arbitrary quadratic form. Both an affine and a projective version of this new theory are…

Metric Geometry · Mathematics 2007-05-23 Norman J. Wildberger

Euclidean distance geometry is the study of Euclidean geometry based on the concept of distance. This is useful in several applications where the input data consists of an incomplete set of distances, and the output is a set of points in…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2012-05-03 Leo Liberti , Carlile Lavor , Nelson Maculan , Antonio Mucherino

A. Tarski uses in his system for the elementary geometry only the primitive concept of point, and the two primitive relations betweenness and equidistance. Another approach is the relations to be on lines instead of points. W.…

Logic · Mathematics 2025-01-06 Tatyana Ivanova , Tinko Tinchev

In this article, I develop an elementary system of axioms for Euclidean geometry. On one hand, the system is based on the symmetry principles which express our a priori ignorant approach to space: all places are the same to us (the…

History and Overview · Mathematics 2021-06-01 Boris Čulina

We argue for Brackets Consistency to be a `Pillar of Geometry', i.e. a foundational approach, other Pillars being 1) Euclid's constructive approach, 2) the algebraic approach, 3) the projective approach, and 4) the geometrical automorphism…

General Relativity and Quantum Cosmology · Physics 2019-10-25 Edward Anderson

Euclidean geometry is among the earliest forms of mathematical thinking. While the geometric primitives underlying its constructions, such as perfect lines and circles, do not often occur in the natural world, humans rarely struggle to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-12-01 Joy Hsu , Jiajun Wu , Noah D. Goodman

A tutorial introduction to projective geometric algebra (PGA), a modern, coordinate-free framework for doing euclidean geometry. PGA features: uniform representation of points, lines, and planes; robust, parallel-safe join and meet…

General Mathematics · Mathematics 2020-08-19 Charles G. Gunn

Geometric algebra is the natural outgrowth of the concept of a vector and the addition of vectors. After reviewing the properties of the addition of vectors, a multiplication of vectors is introduced in such a way that it encodes the famous…

General Mathematics · Mathematics 2018-02-23 Sergio Ramos Ramirez , Jose Alfonso Juarez Gonzalez , Garret Sobczyk

The deformation principle admits one to obtain a very broad class of nonuniform geometries as a result of deformation of the proper Euclidean geometry. The Riemannian geometry is also obtained by means of a deformation of the Euclidean…

General Mathematics · Mathematics 2007-05-23 Yuri A. Rylov

Theory Building has been largely ignored in Mathematics Education, especially at the Middle and High School Levels. This thesis focuses on Assumption Digging, a type of Theory Building similar to what Hilbert undertook in his Grundlagen…

History and Overview · Mathematics 2021-06-04 Madhav Kaushish

This paper aims to provide an explanatory edition of Bolyai's 'Appendix Demonstrating the Absolute Science of Space', first published in 1832. In this treatise Bolyai began by extending neutral (or 'absolute') geometry by deriving a number…

History and Overview · Mathematics 2023-12-04 Steven Rose

The aim of this paper is to develop a new axiomatization of planar geometry by reinterpreting the original axioms of Euclid. The basic concept is still that of a line segment but its equivalent notion of betweenness is viewed as a…

Metric Geometry · Mathematics 2015-06-12 Jerzy Dydak

In this paper we will do the following: (1) show how to geometrically define multiplication, using only basic plane geometry, independently of area and any notion of similar triangles; (2) prove all the properties of multiplication using…

History and Overview · Mathematics 2013-10-16 Peter F. McLoughlin , Maria Droujkova

The article presents a new approach to euclidean plane geometry based on projective geometric algebra (PGA). It is designed for anyone with an interest in plane geometry, or who wishes to familiarize themselves with PGA. After a brief…

General Mathematics · Mathematics 2016-11-01 Charles G. Gunn

We show that Euclidean geometry in suitably high dimension can be expressed as a theory of orthogonality of subspaces with fixed dimensions and fixed dimension of their meet.

Metric Geometry · Mathematics 2012-03-14 J. Konarzewski , M. Żynel